Police Historical Studies
Year:2015 | Volume:2 | Issue:5|Papers Count:8

This article lays groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), here with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. The gendarmerie wich before1879 reform the Ottomans called askir-i zabtiye, was a provincial paramilitary police organization established by bureaucrats of the Tanzimat state during the 1840s on an ad hoc basis. ' This force later acquired a more uniform an dcentralized character becoming the empire's principal internal security organization. Throught his paramilitary police institution 19, th-century ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term.

One of the concerns for Iranian society has been to establish order and security. After the Constitutional Revolution, the meddling by Britain and Russia has been added to the main factors of threat to the order and security in Iranian society. As the result of World War II and continuing unrests, Russia and Britain adopted some measures for their interests and the security of their agents. Russia located its troops in the northern regions of Iran, from Azerbaijan to Khorasan. But instead of direct military presence, Britain formed South Persia Rifles. By using analytical-historical method and respective sources and documents, this research examines the factors of formation of this force and its measures and consequences. The results indicate that the British Government formed this police in order to preserve its oil resources, confront German agents, provide security for its agents and preserve its commercial interest. Although the formation of this police force by Britain was in the name of Iran, but it faced reaction from Iranian government and people.

Border closure and establishing border ramparts have a long precedence in Iranian defense policy. As an important geographical and strategic region, Caucasus has always had a significant place in Iranian dynastie's interactions with their neighbors in the northwest regions. The ramparts of this region have had a main role in preserving and fostering a part of political, economic, social and religious interests and greed of Sasanid Empire and its relations with the Roman Empire. This article seeks to respond this question: What factors did cause that Caucasus and its border ramparts play an important role in the interactions of these two great powers? The results indicate that Sasanid Empire closed borders, established border ramparts, castles and border towns in order to prevent different aggressive tribes trespassing Iranian borders in the Caucasus region. The role of these border ramparts was also important in Sasanid foreign policy towards confrontation with these aggressive tribes and preventing them from entering Roman Empire territory for which Sasanids received financial costs from Roman Empire.

One of the challenges with which the post-Constitutional Revolution governments faced was establishing security and fixing national sovereignty. The revolutionaries did not trust the military forces of previous dictatorship and their inefficiency, particularly after Mohammad Ali Shah's coup, made it inevitable to revisit military-security forces. By reassessment of the reasons for formation of gendarmerie, this article tries to respond the following questions by using descriptive-historical method and referring to first-hand documents and sources: What were the factors of emerging gendarmerie in Iran? What was the background for formation of Iranian modern army? The results of the study indicate that due to the emergence of many insecurities in different parts of Iran after the Constitutional Revolution and the existence of some factors that made it difficult to raise taxes, the Iranian Parliament decided to vote for the formation of a military force in order to provide political stability and assure tax revenues, that in turn, culminated in many developments in future. Formed by the European officers and methods in Iran, gendarmerie was not only a prompt need of Iranians for establishing security but also provided the background for establishing Iranian modern army through impacting the structure of forces remained from dictatorship era.

In Qajar Era, many parts of Iran were ruled by some clans in a feudal manner. They were subjects of Qajar kings in terms of paying taxes and participating in wars but they mainly acted independently. Feyli rulers of Poshtkouh were of these rulers who ruled the nowadays Ilam Province. They defended Iranian borders against Ottoman aggressions. After the collapse of Ottoman Empire in the World War I, Iraq was formed in Iranian western borders and the Iran Ottoman disputes were replaced by Iran-Iraq ones that continued until the beginning of Iran-Iraq War in 1980. By using descriptive analytical method, this article seeks to examine and analyze the reasons of Iran-Ottoman and Iran-Iraq border disputes in Ilam borderline. The results indicate that the main factors for these disputes include: willfulness of Ottoman local rulers and Iraqi border guards in trespassing Iran's territory, Iraqi farmer's need to border rivers, presence of Ilam people in Iraq and expansionism of Iraqi Bath Party leaders for dominating on some border regions.

As the executive arm of criminal justice organization, the police officers in the role of judiciary constables play a crucial role in the criminal process. The role is more obvious when the criminal magistrate issues the verdict given the received reports provided by these constables. Therefore it is crucial that the legislator determine specific conditions for judiciary general constable's reports. This research seeks to examine the historical trajectory of positive value of police officer's reports as judiciary constables in Iranian criminal law system, and determine the value of their reports in the Iranian criminal courts. This research is an applied one done by documentary method. The results indicate that the measure for police officers’ ' reports as judiciary constables in criminal law judgment is a personal one at the level of circumstantial evidence, and this issue contrasts with the constable's position and personality but in the criminal law judgment procedure ratified in 2003 the positive value of these constable's reports has been upgraded to the circumstantial evidence and they are credible by themselves. Therefore the new law has adopted a correct procedure towards the positive value of general constable's reports and it has come back to substantial procedure.