Environmental Erosion Research
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:3 (31)|Papers Count:6

1. Introduction: Soil erosion is a major environmental threat worldwide. This three-stage process including detachment, transportation and sedimentation of soil particle by runoff affects natural and agricultural areas of Iran. Soil erosion has many off-site and on-site effects such as sediment deposition in the lake of dam and channels, transportation of nutrients and contaminants including phosphorous, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens and radionuclides (Horowitz, 2008). Therefore, understanding spatial variations of sediment sources can be useful for managing the supply of sediment and contaminants in river systems. Quantifying sediment sources can be important to target efficient management measures, reducing sediment supply in the catchments. Sediment fingerprinting techniques are therefore increasingly applied to determine sediment sources and pathways in catchments and thus inform management interventions (Walling, 2005). Many scientists applied sediment fingerprinting techniques for quantifying source contribution of fluvial (e. g., Owens et al., 2005; Russell et al., 2001; Walling et al., 1999; Zhang and Liu., 2016; Nosrati et al., 2018; Collin et al., 1997 and 2012) and aeolian sediments (Gholami et al., 2017a, b; Liu et al., 2016). The sediment fingerprinting approach has been used for a variety of different applications including agricultural, forest harvesting, wildfires and urbanization (Koiter et al., 2018)....

1-Introduction: The components of nature interact with each other in the form of an interconnected chain in such a way that the effect of each component cannot be ignored. On the other hand, these components and loops have a kind of autonomy and internal congruence, so that in another perspective, independence and independent identity can be considered for each of these loops. The efforts of researchers in scientific epistemology to regulate events were because of reducing human beings’ tendency to predict events and behaviors. Although these efforts have been successful in many cases, the occurrence of all events and behaviors is not the subject of scientific discipline. Domino is a kind of game made by small rectangular pieces. It is a row of aligned tiles that once the first tile is hit, what happens to the first tile is happened to the last tile. If energy enters dominoes, this energy enters from a pixel to the next pixel and flows to the last pixel so that the energy eventually ends up. But domino's energy in geomorphology is just as defined, but energy vectors and directions need to be taken into account. When energy enters a domino, some of this energy sometimes transmitted to the next pixel in harmony with changes in the environment and two other energies are emitted. The emitted energy sometimes transmitted to other pixels in the direction perpendicular to the pixel and at other times parallel to the pixel....

1-Introduction: The degradation of natural resources in recent decades has led to increasing the erosion and an increase in the sediment production rates. Many activities are carried out at watershed level in order to control the destruction and decrease its effects. Assessment of watershed management projects is one of the most important issues performed today of implementation plans and natural resources management (Abbasi et al., 2010). Considering one of the most important goals of watershed management projects is the prevention of erosion and sedimentation and flood control, Therefore, using erosion estimation methods can be a good way to evaluate projects that are used in indigenous and regionally compatible methods. One of the methods for estimating the water erosion in Iran is Geomorphology (Ahmadi, 2006). This method has been examined and approved by various researchers including (Maleki, 2008, MohammadKhan, 2009, and Angebini, 2014) in different parts of the country. In this model, the erosion rate map can be prepared by determining the criteria and indicators affecting the erosion and the projects were evaluated by investigating the erosion map. In the present study, the effect of watershed management activities on erosion and sediment reduction in Safaroud watershed in Mazandaran province was evaluated using erosion intensity map through geomorphology model....

1-Introduction: Landslide refers to geomorphologic processes and downward movements of the materials of the slopes, including rock, dirt, or a mixture of them (Moradi et al, 2012). Landslides are affected by various factors, including rainstorms, earthquake shocks, changes in the level of underwater, storms, rapid erosion and a series of factors reducing the strength of materials (Dai et al, 2002). Because of geological, geomorphological, and topographical variations resulted from the active seismic belt of the country, many areas are susceptible to landslides. Therefore, it is very important to detect and anticipate this phenomenon to prevent its occurrence. Due to mountainous conditions, the climate of the study area is prone to the domain instability. The road range is also possible to suffer from the same deficiency. Existence of large joints in masses of rocks and several landslides in the boundaries of the road double the importance of examining the stability of the slopes and the dangers of volatility (Khajevand, 2017). Due to the high volume of damage and the direct and indirect costs of destruction that mass movement imposes on human societies and the environment, planning to carry out a systematic investigation of the effective factors of mass movements and providing appropriate management solutions in these sensitive areas seem crucial. Our country, Iran, mostly has a mountainous topography with tectonic activities, and is the subject of high seismicity of various climatic and geological conditions. These major natural conditions have the potential to create a wide range of landslides....

1-INTRODUCTION: Soil erosion is one of the most destructive processes of arid and semi-arid areas, which leads to desertification in a large area of the region. In windy areas, the wind in the region increases the probability of wind erosion. Soil moisture and soil temperature are the two effective factors in soil erosion control. Vegetation is also one of the effective factors in maintaining moisture, but in the arid and semi-arid areas where vegetation is distributed and Scattered, biological soil crusts between dispersed vegetation can be effective in maintaining moisture and soil temperature. Currently, the results of the effects of biological soil crusts on the moisture and soil temperature are contradictory, and these opposite results may be due to differences between different types of crusts or different climatic conditions. Rangeland is one of the most important sources of sediment production, so studying the factors affecting the process of reducing soil erosion is very importantt. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of lichens in maintaining moisture, soil temperature and wind erosion control....

1-Introduction: Threshold wind velocity is a major influencing variable in transportation of soil particles and dust production. It is considered as an important component in many theoretical equations and numerical models due to its importance in wind erosion studies (Stout & Zobeck, 1996). The wind tunnel method (fixed and portable), empirical relationships and sediment traps are the common methods to estimate the threshold wind velocity (Refahi, 2005). Estimation of this variable can assist researchers to recognize critical points, in addition to providing suitable activities to prevent depletion of limited resources in desert region. This study aimed at comparing the accuracy of geo-statistical techniques (Kriging and Co-kriging) and artificial neural network model, estimating the threshold of wind velocity, selecting more accurate methods to be used in wind erosion combating projects, as well as identifying more important variables in threshold wind velocity in the Sistan region....