Koomesh
Year:2019 | Volume:21 | Issue:3 (75)|Papers Count:25

Introduction: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a type of automatic identification technology which uses radio waves for collecting and transferring data. Due to extensive use in tracking and identifying people and objects, this technology has been able to solve many of the hospital's problems and help to increase the quality of delivery of services. The aim of this study was to survey the relationship between effective factors in the implementation of RFID. Materials and Methods: This is an applicable study conducted as a cross‑ sectional study in 2015. The study was conducted in the hospitals affiliated to Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed, and data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 16) and LISREL 8. 8, followed by conducting path analysis. Results: The average of all three variables human, cultural and organizational factors were in a desirable and high status from the Stakeholders’ viewpoint. Considerably, present findings indicate that the predictive coefficient of cultural readiness of hospitals is meaningful for the implementation of the proposed technology. (T>2) Conclusion: Since users' views in RFID implementation are very important and useful, therefore, we must consider the views of these stakeholders that which play a critical role in the success or failure and accurate assessment of the resources required for the system.

Introduction: Industrial and environmental pollution, excessive iron supplementation and blood transfusion are among the factors that may cause iron toxicity. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms influencing or protecting against iron toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of quercetin as an antioxidant on hepatotoxicity induced by iron oxide and nano-iron oxide. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 Wistar rats (five groups): A) control group, B) nano-iron oxide, C) iron oxide, D) nano-iron oxide plus quercetin, and E) iron oxide plus quercetin. Nano-iron oxide and iron oxide were administered in daily doses of 20mg/kg, and quercetin in daily doses of 100mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection for 15 days. Correspondingly, the rats were then euthanized and their liver tissue was transferred to the pathology lab in 10% formalin. Samples were examined by conventional histopathological techniques using the Hematoxylin & Eosin, and Perls’ Prussian blue staining methods, and observed under the optical microscope. Results: The findings showed that nano-iron oxide and iron oxide can lead to inflammation in hepatic lobules and portal triads, sinusoidal dilatation, abnormal proliferation of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, and some hepatocyte degeneration. Simultaneous quercetin treatment was found to reduce the histopathological effects of metal particles, particularly iron oxide particles. Moreover, samples were tested for signs of bile retention, fibrosis and necrosis, but the results were negative. Conclusion: The present study confirmed the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of quercetin as an herbal antioxidant on hepatotoxicity induced by nano-iron oxide and iron oxide.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the primary cause of death worldwide, and the development of scar tissue in myocardium and also the irreversible destruction of cardiomyocytes are the main factors in their development. There are still limitations in medical treatment of CVD, despite the advances in the field of drug therapy and surgery for CVD. In recent years, research on stem cells has led to potential application of them in in various clinical and pre-clinical trials to treat various cardiovascular diseases given the unique features of stem cells. However, the results of clinical trials have been inconsistent on human samples and have had limited therapeutic effects. To overcome these limitations, the exact diagnosis of disease, identification of stem cells, their method of injection and mechanism of action, as well as patient's individual profile are necessary to predict the response to stem cell therapy, provide the highest quality of treatment and reduce the side effects. In the present study, we have introduced different types of stem cells, their injection methods and mechanisms of action for cell therapy in CVD as well as the challenges posed in this field. Also, solutions for genetic and non-genetic manipulations are suggested to increase the survival and efficiency of stem cells. For this purpose, the articles published between 1992 and 2018 were studied using the following keywords: "stem cell", "cell therapy", "injection", "tissue engineering" and " Gene therapy".

Introduction: The use of platelet products such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a component of regenerative medicine has been on the rise in Iran like other countries. We aimed to go over the current published work of Iranian researchers on platelet products, while performing qualitative and quantitative assessments about them. Materials and Methods: This study was performed as review study. The keywords “ platelet rich plasma” , “ growth factor” , “ Iran” and the same words in Persian were used for searching electronic databases. The databases for searching were Pub Med, Scopus, Cochrane central, Google scholar, Iranmedex and Irandoc. Results: Among the 2209 studies found in the primary search, 164 articles met the set criteria. The first article had been published in 2000 and the highest number of published research was 35 in the year 2014. Animal’ s experimental studies were the most common type of study (58 studies). PRP was the most researched on product (76%). From the 164 Iranian articles, 95% had been performed in university research centers. Mashhad University of medical sciences had the most published work and Shahid Beheshti University and Islamic Azad University taking the next ranks respectively. Conclusion: A rising interest in performing such studies is seen in Iran and other countries in the region. Regardless of the field of application, Turkey possesses more publications in this subject compared to Iran; while Egypt and Saudi Arabia possess less published studies. It seems though, that standardizing the preparation of these products and the protocols of use is essential in reaching a common language for assessment of the performed studies.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the most countries and Iran, and are the main disability cause, those induced stress, anxiety and changes in vital signs in patients under coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This study was conducted to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the vital signs and oxygenation indexes of patients under CABG. Materials and Methods: In the randomized triple-blind clinical trial, 80 patients under CABG surgery after sampling by convenience method, randomly selected and assigned by random allocation method to 40 patients either the control or intervention groups. An orientation session was held to explain the research goals and intervention. The intervention group did the progressive muscle relaxation technique, two 20-30 minutes' sessions daily for 2 months (120 sessions). Correspondingly, data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, vital signs, oxygenation indexes, and self-report checklists. Results: Systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate within intervention group and main arterial pressure, pain and cardiac rhythm between two intervention and control groups had significant differences (P<0. 05). Interaction effects time and group of systolic blood pressure and pain variables were significant (P<0. 05). From oxygenation indexes perspective, PaO2/FiO2 and SPO2/FiO2 indexes within intervention group, PALVO2/FiO2 within control group, and PALVO2/ PaO2 within both intervention and control groups had significant differences (P<0. 05). Except SPO2/FiO2 index, other oxygenation indexes had interaction effects of time and group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Applying progressive muscle relaxation technique on the various aspects of vital signs and oxygenation indexes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery was effective and using the technique to improve and stabilize of those is applicable and practical.

Introduction: One of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in coronary artery disease is coronary artery angiography. Due to the invasiveness of this method, most patients experience anxiety before it is performed. Anxiety causes physiological responses in the body that can increase the incidence of complications in these patients. This study aimed to investigate anxiety levels in patients who were candidate for coronary artery angiography. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, 120 patients who referred to the Kowsar Hospital of the Semnan University of Medical Sciences (Semnan, Iran) for coronary artery angiographies were enrolled. Sampling method was simple and purposeful by available samples. Spielberger's situational anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire was used to measure the level of situational anxiety before angiography. Results: The mean severity of anxiety before coronary artery angiography was 39. 26± 11. 86. The severity of anxiety was mild in 52. 5%, moderate in 41. 7%, and severe in 5. 8% of patients. Severity of anxiety was significantly higher in women than men (P<0/05), but severity of anxiety had no significant difference in patients based on age, educational level, marital status and duration of symptoms. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that coronary artery angiography causes considerable anxiety in patients. Since anxiety can cause complications in these patients, nurses should check the level of anxiety before coronary artery angiography and take appropriate steps to reduce it.

Introduction: Adequate levels of progesterone and efficient uteroplacental circulatory system are considered as two important factors in maintaining normal pregnancy. Conspicuously, increased vascular resistance in the uterine artery can lead to severe complications including threatened abortion by an impairment to the embryo’ s blood supply. This study was conducted to determine whether vaginal progesterone suppository administration effect on uterine artery resistance in women with threatened abortion. Materials and Methods: This interventional pre-experimental study was done in Kosar hospital of Qazvin (Iran) within 2016-2017. 51 pregnant women with vaginal bleeding were entered in the study who had alive singleton fetus with 7 to 12 gestational age and closed cervix. Initially mean pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) were determined in uterine arteries on both sides by color Doppler sonography. Then, 400 mg vaginal progesterone suppository was administered for 14 days. Using color Doppler sonography, the mean PI and RI of uterine arteries were recorded again and the mean of PI and RI were evaluated before and after using vaginal progesterone suppository. Results: The mean of RI in uterine arteries on both sides was 0. 68± 0. 07 before treatment and decreased to 0. 55± 0. 08 after treatment (P<0. 001). Also before intervention, the median of PI in uterine arteries on both sides was 1. 17 (1. 05 and 1. 48) which decreased to 0. 95 (0. 77 and 1. 14) after treatment (P <0. 001). Conclusion: Vaginal progesterone suppository administration reduced uterine artery resistance by improving RI and PI index in women with threatened abortion.

Introduction: Taxanes have emerged as one of the most active agents in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Nevertheless, questions remain with regard to their toxicity profiles. This study aimed to compare prevalence and severity of adverse effects of two chemotherapy regimens including taxanes (docetaxel or paclitaxel) in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with non-methastatic breast cancer who had received docetaxel-doxorubicin or paclitaxel-doxorubicin regimens included in the study. Adverse drug reactions were recorded from patients' files and graded according to common toxicity criteria. The prevalence and severity of the reactions were compared between two groups of the patients. Results: The prevalence of adverse drug reactions was higher in the patients who received docetaxel-doxorubicin compared to the patients with paclitaxel-doxorubicin regimen (%62. 01 vs %37. 98). In this account, the patients in docetaxel-doxorubicin group experienced more frequent adverse drug reactions in skin, musculo-skeletal, and blood systems (P<0. 05). However, central nervous system reactions were significantly higher in paclitaxel-doxorubicin group (P<0. 05). Severity of adverse drug reactions related to blood system was significantly greater in patients with docetaxel-doxorubicin regimen (p<0. 01). Conclusion: Paclitaxel-doxorubicin had fewer adverse effects in comparision with docetaxel-doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. However, patients who are more vulnerable to central nervous system reactions are better candidates for docetaxel-doxorubicin regimen.

Introduction: Swallowing disorders are commonly observed in more than one-third of patients with multiple sclerosis. Dysphagia in these patients, decreases quality of life and increases a risk of dehydration and aspiration pneumonia. These complications are a common cause of death and morbidity in late multiple sclerosis. The aim of this research was to examine the effects of thermal-tactile stimulation & oromotor exercises on dysphagia improvement in multiple sclerosis patients. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with the age range of 20-50 years who had one types of swallowing disorders participated in this study. Therapeutic strategies included Thermal-Tactile Stimulation and Oral-motor Exercises. Treatment was performed for 16 sessions. Relatively, for assessing the effect of this protocol, Northwestern Dysphagia Patient Check Sheet was taken at two stages: before treatment initiation and after completion of treatment. Results: After providing the treatment protocol, dysphagia (p=0. 04), oral dysphagia (p=0. 03), pharyngeal delay (p=0. 001) and aspiration (p=0. 01) and pharyngeal dysphagia (p=0. 02) improved significantly. Conclusion: Our study showed that thermal-tactile stimulation and oral-motor exercises were effective approach in improving swallow in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Fibrinolytic drugs are one of the important strategies for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation, especially in small centers. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the distance with the global standard for fibrinolytic treatment and the viewpoints of experts in this regard. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 384 patients with acute myocardial infarction in Imam Hossein Hospital in Shahroud, Iran during a 5-year period. Data were collected using a demographic and medical profile and a 13-item checklist on how and when access to treatment and services and interviewed by the treatment team was sought. Results: Out of 384 patients, %76. 3 was male and the mean age was 60. 4 years. Prehospital delay, electrocardiography time, and first visit time respectively were 270, 6. 59 and 8. 45 minute, generally, the door-to-needle time was more than three times the global standard. Prehospital delay with gender, history of diabetes and high blood pressure, education level, and history of percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) were significant (p <0. 005). Conclusion: Considering the global standard time only 7% of patients had received the drug in the standard range and according to the opinions of the experts and the treatment team, the definition of the MI code in the hospital and the creation of conditions for the fibrinolytic therapy in the emergency room and conducting monthly meetings with all members of the team, from guard to doctor, as understanding the importance of time in treating heart patients can be effective in improving conditions.

Introduction: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a treatment method based on evidence that emphasis on inefficient thoughts correction and maladaptive behavioral change. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of CBT on perception and pain intensity in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Materials and Methods: This research of quasi-experimental was performed among 30 chronic neuropathic patients who referred to Rohani hospital of Babol (Iran) in two groups of 15 based on pretest-posttest design. The CBT was performed for the experimental group in 10 sessions, each week 1 session of 120 minutes. Participants were re-evaluated 45 days after the sessions, and pain coping strategies was evaluated according to diverting attention, reinterpretation of pain, catastrophizing, ignore of pain, prayer-hope, self-statement, increasing pain behaviour subscales and pain self-efficacy was also evaluated. Relatively, coping strategies questionnaire (Rosenstiel and Keefe) and pain self-efficacy questionnaire (Nicholas) were used in pretest, posttest and follow up in both experimental and control groups. Results: This study showed that there was a significant difference between the subscales of pain coping strategies in the experimental and control groups in diverting attention (P<0. 001), reinterpretation of pain (P<0. 001), ignore of pain (P=0. 02), self-statement (P=0. 04), increasing of pain behaviour (P<0. 001) and self-efficacy (P=0. 004), but there was not a significant difference between the subscales of pain coping strategies in catastrophizing (P>0. 05) and prayer-hope (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The present study showed the CBT could be considered as an effective intervention on pain coping strategies and pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic neuropathic pain.

Introduction: Diabetes results in several oral complications. Many last studies about risk factors effect on oral manifestations has been controversial. Therefore, according to its importance, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors in diabetic patients with oral complications. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 257 subjects out of 600 diabetic patients were presented to Yazd (Iran) diabetic research center and was chosen with convenience sampling method in 2016. Inclusion criteria were mentioned, then according to each oral manifestation (candidiasis, oral lichen planus, periodontitis, gingivitis, oral dryness, delayed wound healing, geographic tongue, gingival hyperplasia, fissured tongue and burning tongue) patients were divided into two groups and risk factors (smoking, age, gender, denture, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, type of drugs) were compared. Results: Prevalence of candidiasis in older age and denture users and oral lichen planus and burning tongue in smokers were higher than other groups. Patients suffering from gingivitis was older and the use of denture was more common in people with gingival hyperplasia and insulin use was significantly higher in patients with poor wound healing. Conclusion: Our study showed that that aging, use of denture and smoking can increase the risk of oral manifestations in diabetic patients, so more education and attention about these cases and timely referral to oral medicine specialists are necessary in these patients.

Introduction: One of the most prevalent disorder in childhood days is a learning disability disorders (LD), which use of effective manner to improve their problems and really is of great importance. Therefore, in this study, the effects of sensory integration by emphasis on proprioceptive and vestibular senses have been investigated as a treatment approach for improvement problems of psychological nervous function. Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with two experimental and control groups. Out of 6-12-year-old students with specific learning disabilities studying in Semnan in the academic year of 2016-2017, after conducting the Wilkat and colleagues learning diagnostic test (CLDQ), 30 students with special learning disabilities were selected purposefully and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a sensory integration intervention twice a week for 12 sessions of two hours, and the control group did not receive the treatment. The problems of psychiatric nerve function were assessed using Conner's psychological nerve test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of test and control in the performance of the psychological nerve in the post-test (P <0. 001). Conclusion: Sensory integrity with emphasis on proprioceptive and vestibular senses significantly improved the psychiatric nerve function in the subjects. Therefore, it is suggested that specialist centers of learning disabilities should use these methods to improve nerve function problems.

Introduction: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder characterized by an unpleasant sensation in the legs. This syndrome is a common, yet unrecognized, disorder. The aim of this project was to study the prevalence and correlations of RLS in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis in Shahid Rahnemon hospital, Yazd (Iran). Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in hemodialysis ward of Shahid Rahnemon hospital for one month during 2012. In order to recognize RLS, eligible patients (n = 116) were examined based on the clinical diagnostic criteria for RLS. Also, laboratory findings were recorded in the checklist for each participant. Results: Remarkably, the prevalence of RLS was 67. 2% and 58. 6% of subjects were male. Mean age of the subjects was 60. 1 ± 14. 4 years. There was not significant relation between RLS and serum potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urea, iron and ferritin (P ≥ 0. 05). However, there was a significant relation between RLS and serum hemoglobin (P = 0. 014). Conclusion: According to the result, a significant percentage of patients undergoing hemodialysis suffer from RLS and presence of this syndrome is associated to serum hemoglobin level.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections and Enterobacteriaceae members are the most common bacterial agent of this infection. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern identification is necessary for complete treatment. In this way, this study was accomplished to compare the enterobacteriaceae antibiotic resistance pattern of UTI patients. Materials and Methods: This study including two groups of 78 patients as outpatients and admitted ones. UTI was diagnosed by urine culture and colony count. Antibiotic susceptibility test performed according to CLSI guidelines. Results: E. coli was recognized as the most frequent bacterial agent in both outpatients (66. 7%) and admitted (82. 1%) groups, while klebsiella spp. caused UTI in 16. 7% of admitted patients and 32. 1% of outpatients. The most antibiotic resistance was observed to Cefazolin (85. 9%) and Nalidixic acid (78. 1%) in outpatients and admitted respectively. Conclusion: Resistance to cefazolin in outpatients was significantly more than admitted patients, while resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and gentamycin in admitted patients was significantly more than outpatients. Conspiciously, the resistance rate to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic and cefixime significantly increased in comparison with a similar study in Semnan (Ian), 2000. The differences in antibiotic resistance pattern must be notified in outpatients and admitted patients, in order to better antibiotic prescription.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common diseases in the world. In this account, atherosclerosis is one of the main cause’ s heart attacks. Coagulation activity of platelets plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, thrombosis formation and cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin is the most commonly drugs which used as anti-platelet function to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Long-term using of aspirin sometimes has irreparable consequences, resulting in medicine doctors, have been recommended using of herbal medicine as a complementary drug. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Summer savory extract and aspirin on platelets function. Materials and Methods: Platelets were prepared from male healthy volunteers. The platelets were treated with concentrations (250-1000 µ g/ml) of Summer savory extraction and aspirin (0. 31 – 1. 26 µ g/ml) to investigate platelet function. We applied aggregometry test to determine platelet aggregation and ELISA assay to determine platelet adhesion and protein secretion. Results: The extract of Summer Savory at a concentration of 1000 µ g/ml alone inhibited the platelets acvitity by 73%, and at a concentration of 500 µ g/ml and with aspirin at a concentration of 0. 63 µ g/ml inhibited platelets function by 52% than control (P< 0. 001). Conclusion: Considering the synergic antiplatelet effects of Summer Savory extract and aspirin, it is recommended to use this extract as an appropriate anti-platelet supplement with a low dose of aspirin for cardiac patients.

Introduction: Hearing impairment has a large economic and social burden on societies. Determination of related demographic and audiologic characteristics of deaf patients can help to understand the related factors to hearing impairment and prevent it. In this study we assessed the demographic and audiologic characteristics of deaf patients in a population in the north of Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional research was performed on 300 deaf members of deaf association of Rasht city(Iran) during 2017 and 2018. The results of pure tone auditory examination and gender, age, residency location, familial marriage in parents, family history of deafness, educational level of parents, marital status, economic and social condition, past medical history, the reason of deafness, the number of their family members and their functional status were recorded and analysed. Results: 78. 7% of the deaf persons had a large family and 35. 7% were illiterate, 29. 7% of their parents had familial marriage, 68. 3% had no independent job, 78% of deaf people were poor. 66. 7% had high self-steam and 62. 3% had a proprietary skill, 21. 7% had family history of deafness. 79. 7% had congenital deafness. The most common causes were febrile seizure and mump. Additionally, with increasing the level of mother education the chance of hearing loss decreased and with increasing in the number of family members and the presence of past medical disorders the chance of hearing loss increased. Conclusion: The hearing loss is more common in large, poor family with low members and the history of the disease and low educational level of mothers. The most common cause is congenital cause. Most patients had not functional independence and independent job, but most of them had high self-stem and one proprietary skill.

Introduction: Three-dimensional nano scaffolds by creating a three-dimensional structure similar to the body tissues have created a new perspective on cell culture and tissue repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polycaprolactone biodegradation scaffold (PCL) in treatment of diabetic wounds. Materials and Methods: Nano PCL-Gelatine scaffold was synthesized by electrospun method. A circular wound (6 mm) was created in skin of 15 BALB/c rats and the rats were divided into 3 groups including: Non-diabetic group (sham), Diabetic group without nano scaffold receiving (control) and diabetic group with nano scaffolds (scaffold). Wound surface area and wound healing were evaluated on the 7 th and 14 th days using H & E staining with Image J and SPSS softwares. Results: On 7th day, the smallest and highest wound surface was observed in the Scaffold and Control groups respectively (P <0. 04). On 14 th day, the smallest and highest levels of ulcers were observed in sham and control groups respectively (P <0. 00). In the evaluation of wound healing on 7 th and 14 th days, the highest treatment rates were observed in the Scaffold and sham groups respectively, and on the 14 th day there was no significant difference between the two groups (0. 40). Conclusion: Polycaprolactone nano-fiber scaffold has a good compatibility with skin ulcers in rats and it can increase the rate and extent of wound healing in diabetic rats.

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders. In this study, effect of resveratrol supplementation alone or in combination with interval and continuous exercises was considered on hepatic cells apoptosis and serum lipid profiles in rats with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: Old rats were divided into two groups, including control and NAFLD. The NAFLD rats were then randomly divided into seven experimental sub-groups including NAFLD, NAFLSD + saline, NAFLD + resveratrol (RSV), NAFLD + continuous exercise, NAFLD + interval exercise, NAFLD + continuous exercise + RSV, and NAFLD + interval exercise + RSV. Apoptosis biomarkers, including liver Bax and Bcl2 proteins, and serum lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol (Cho) and triglyceride (TG), were measured using specific ELISA kits. Results: Resveratrol supplementation alone or in combination with exercise training significantly decreased the serum LDL, Cho and TG levels (p<0. 05), but significantly increased the HDL level (p<0. 05). RSV alone or in combination with interval and continuous exercise programs significantly decreased Bax protein content (p<0. 001), but significantly increased the Bcl2 level (p<0. 001). Conclusion: NAFLD is powerfully associated with the liver cells apoptosis and abnormality in lipid profiles. Although, resveratrol supplementation alone has an anti-apoptotic and reducing effect on lipid profiles, the combined therapy with exercise training can be more effective.

Introduction: Memory deficit is one of the clinical problems of Alzheimer's disease that progressively leads to cognitive impairment and dementia. In the present study, the effect of Spirulina plathensis microalgae on the scopolamine-induced memory impairment was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Young female Wistar rats (30 days old) were used. Animals randomly were divided into 9 groups (Saline + Saline, Saline + Scopolamine 1mg/kg, Saline + Scopolamine 2 mg/kg, Spirulina 100 mg/kg + Scopolamine 2 mg/kg, Spirulina 200 mg/kg + Scopolamine 2 mg/kg, Spirulina 400 mg/kg + Scopolamine 2 mg/kg, Spirulina 100 mg/kg + Saline, Spirulina 200 mg/kg + Saline, Spirulina 400 mg/kg + Saline). To measure inhibitory avoidance (IA) task, animals were given an electrical footshock (0. 5 mA, 3 s) and then was intraperitoneally treated by scopolamine and 24 latter memory retention tests (time delay to re-entrance to dark compartment) was recorded. Spirulina plathensis was dissolved in physiologic saline and the suspension was gavaged at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for fourteen days prior to training. Biochemical experiments were included determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity of serum using thiobarbituric acid and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), respectively Results: Our results showed that scopolamine (2 mg/kg) significantly (P<0. 001) impaired memory retention respect to control and Spirulina plathensis significantly (P<0. 05) improved memory impairment induced by scopolamine. Further, Spirulina significantly (P<0. 01) increased FRAP level compared to the control. Conclusion: Spirulina plathensis improves scopolamine induced-memory deficit, probably through enhancing total antioxidant capacity of serum probably.

Introduction: Degenerative retinal diseases are main cause of irreversible blindness. Stem cells therapy is a promising way in these diseases. Therefore, mesenchymal stem cells because of its safety can produce degenerated cells and can play important role in treatment. The aim of this study was to examine morphological changes in injured retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells after transplantation of stem cells into subretinal space. Materials and Methods: Retinal pigment epithelium injury induced with retro-orbital sinus injection of sodium iodate in pigmented rats and following histological verification, ready for transplantation. The generation of retinal pigment epithelium cells from bone marrow stromal stem cells were done in two steps. First, Bone marrow stromal stem cells isolated from rat femoral bone and after passage three differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium cells. Generated cells transplanted into sub retinal space of animal model and after 30 days the morphological analysis such as retinal pigment epithelium layer and cell count in outer nuclear layer of retina performed. Results: Differentiated cells expressed high yield (± 93) of specific markers (RPE65, CRALBP) in immunocytochemistry. These cells transplanted into injured pigmented layer and after 30 days showed improvement in retinal pigment epithelium and outer nuclear cell layer. In other words, the cell count in these layer increased in comparing to control group. Conclusion: The generation of retinal pigment epithelium cells from bone marrow stromal stem cells which in term of expression of specific genes are similar to native RPE cells, as well as after transplantation into damaged tissue can show physiological activity are very useful in treatment of degenerative eye diseases.

Introduction: Now day Ionizing radiation has found increasing applications in cancer treatment. However, in the treatment different kinds and size of tumors especially metastatic and small size tumors, conventional methods of external radiation therapy are not common. In radionuclide therapy, the use of monoclonal antibodies has made it possible to achieve maximum dose to small size tumor and minimum dose to healthy tissue. In the use of electrons auger-emitter radionuclides, due to the short range and high cytotoxicity, there should be a high degree of precision. For this reason, Monte Carlo methods and simulations can be used in higher accuracy. In this study, the cellular dose of 111In radionuclide was calculated and validated using the Monte Carlo method. Materials and Methods: In this research, the Geant4 Monte Carlo code was used with three low energy physical models: Geant4-DNA, Livermore, Penelope and Standard Physics. Correspondingly, distribution of radiation from radiation sources and the location of the source was considered uniform and randomly within the volume, respectively. The results of MCNP and MIRD codes published data were used for comparison. Results: In the correlation study, the S-value results of self and cross-absorption between the two codes indicated show a good agreement between the data of the MCNP code and the results of different physics models of Geant4 code. Conclusion: Although there are some differences between the results of the codes which are mentioned in results, finally the comparison indicates that the acceptability use of Geant4 in the cellular dosimetry. So, for therapeutic and diagnostic applications of the 111In as an auger electrons-emitter radionuclide we can recommend this code for dose calculations.

Introduction: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), which was previously known as histiocytosis X, refers to a group of lesions that stimulate uncontrolled proliferation of cells. The purpose of this case was to report and describe a LCH case with mandibular bone involvement in a 2. 5-year-old boy. Case reports: A 2. 5 years old boy with LCH of mandibular jaw who has been treated by surgical intervention and chemotherapy and followed more than two years. Conclusion: LCH of the mandible is a rare lesion of the langerhans cells which could be treated with early accurate diagnosis. Therefore, to reach the best response to treatment, early diagnosis based on recognition of clinical and radiographic features of the lesion is very important.