ISLAMIC ART
Year:2020 | Volume:17 | Issue:39|Papers Count:27

The position and prominence of women in any society is associated to the attitude of the time and individuals towards women. The place of women in Iranian society has always has been controversial. In the meantime, the works of poets can be a mirror for understanding the situation of women. By considering the fact that the worldview of every poet, writer, or thinker is influenced by the intellectual, social, and cultural memory of the time and place in which the person exists; Sanai and Rumi are prominent Iranian poets whose works reflect the political, social and cultural conditions of their life. The issue raised in this study is the transformation of the position of women in society during the time of the mentioned poets. This research is accomplished by a descriptive and analytical method and relies on library data. Findings show that from the Sanai to Rumi periods, a unique social and cultural change took place that led to the enhancement of the status of women and this has been effective in the depiction of women's personalities. Sanai has a mainly negative and critical view of women and rarely cares about her position as a mother and in the service of her religious attitude towards women; nonetheless, Rumi considers woman as a manifestation of divine beauty; furthermore, in Rumi's poetry, woman is the soul, earth, and essence, and she complements creation and this distinguishes the manner in which the female figure is depicted in the poetry of Sanai.

Islamic architecture, like other types of architecture, is related to epistemology and ontology in the culture of society. To apprehend traditional Islamic architecture, or any other form of traditional architecture, it is compulsory to be acquainted with the style of traditional attitudes towards architecture as a whole and its constituents. The most central of these components is space. Safavid period (1135-907 AH) is one of the brilliant periods of architecture in Iran. This historical period has been one of the most sensitive historical periods in terms of the prosperity of Islamic culture and thought. In the contemporary period, with the expansion of relations with the West, Islamic architecture was also influenced to some extent by new innovations. The issue that can be raised here is the degree of influence of Safavid and contemporary architecture in terms of the signs of Illuminationism within them. This research is based on descriptive and analytical methods and grounded on library studies and field observations. The architecture of Isfahan Grand Mosque and Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran have been studied as prominent examples of Safavid and contemporary architecture as two architectural works. The research findings indicate that the world in the mind of the Safavid architect is based on holy verses and religious narrations, consequently in the architecture of the Imam Mosque of Isfahan, the issue of Illuminationism is evidently reflected. In the Al-Ghadir Mosque, the purity of the volumes used, the application of materials and brick and tile decorations in the faç ade and the use of elements and concepts of past architecture presented in a new expression indicate the influence of postmodernist movements in contemporary architecture.

The reign of Buiids (322-448 AH) has been one of the most significant periods in the history of Iran in terms of culture and civilization. There are works left from this period that show the architecture of this period. A study of the nature of architecture of this period and its elements can reveal the course of architecture in Iran and its developments in this period. This research has been done based on a descriptive-analytical method and library information collection technique. The research findings indicate that in the Buiid period, the architecture of early Islam with the cultural changes of the Sassanid period and the use of cultural enhancements and social and religious perceptions had fundamental elements in the form of innovation. In a way that is both reminiscent of the past and expresses the phenomenon of diversity in the evolution of Iranian architecture. Early Islamic architectural materials relying on environmental conditions include layers, clay, brick and stone. In most parts of Iran, the use of clay and earth has been constantly used from ancient times until now since the materials have always been ecological and were supplied from the same environment and surroundings. The beautifications of the early Islamic buildings rely on the decorations of earlier periods, in other words, they are a long historical painting, as it was used in the first prehistoric temples. In the Buiid period, there is a combination of architecture derived from Islamic culture and architecture left over from the ancient Iranian period, which can be reflected in the use of decorative motifs along with ancient architectural materials.

The skeletal form of the structure is undoubtedly closely related to the form of the carrier structure. However, the relationship between structural design and architectural design can yield many forms. Structures, as the foundation of buildings in all countries, provide a suitable platform for architectural design. In modern architecture, new tools and designs are used, including biotic architecture. In this research, the combined method (descriptive and analytical-qualitative-historical) is applied to study and the collection and analysis is accomplished based on library studies. The results of this study show that bionic architecture is in fact a creative tool to achieve effective and efficient goals. Observance of legal and logical principles in building structures provides the ground for new architecture and appropriate visual vision. The bionic perspective on architectural design takes place in different areas. At times the aesthetic aspect of the project, and at other times the structure, climate issues and the functional solutions have been the goal of the designer of this field. With the results obtained in the analysis of case studies, it can be determined that the interaction effects of structure and architecture from the perspective of bionic architecture are significant and structure and architecture interact closely with each other and the avoidance of any of the mentioned categories can cause irreparable damage.

Literary works, especially the poetry of poets, are a reflection of the social and cultural conditions of their time; since artists have keen insights and insightful thoughts, they explore the situation of society more carefully and highlight its irregularities in their work. In Persian literature, the expression of these shortcomings, disorders and dissatisfaction has been called "complaint". This type of poetry has a significant place, especially in Persian literature. Emad Faqih Kermani is one of the prominent poets of the eighth century AH who has unique beautiful poems in the form of ode and lyric. Examining "complaint" as a theme in his works can play a significant role in recognizing the social situation of this period. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and relying on library data. The findings of the research indicate that in the poetry of Emad Faqih Kermani, the poet has artistically raised these complaints and criticized the situation of the society of his time. Reflecting on the complaints of Emad al-Faqih, it can be seen that the political situation prevailing in the poet's era has been the basis of his greatest dissatisfaction. This displeasure is reflected in themes such as the humiliation of dervishes and the needy, the feeling of worthlessness, the humiliation of grace and art, the criticism of the structure and political agents.

One of the features of contemporary fiction is the issue of characterization and the use of symbols to convey concepts and themes. One of the outstanding works of contemporary fiction is the book Jai Khali Soluch by Mahmoud Dolatabadi. The issue that can be raised here is the reflection of the political, economic and social developments of this period and the use of characterization and symbols by the author. This research is accomplished by descriptive and analytical method and library data. The findings of the study indicate that the feudalism system governing Iranian agriculture was a method of exploitation and this phenomenon is reflected in the works of this period. One of the developments that took place in the field of agriculture during the second Pahlavi period was the issue of the White Revolution (1341 AD) and the land reforms along it, which were carried out by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. After these changes, a number of writers started creating works known as rural literature, in which they studied these changes and their reflection in the life of the villagers. One of the most famous of these books is “ Missing Soluch", in which the symbolic aspects of the mentioned book is investigated in this study.

The art of the Qajar period, by using the previous traditions and looking at Western naturalism and the literature of the rulers of this period, has introduced new features into the field of assembly ornamentations. These features include courtship, landscaping and perspective, and court iconography. This method became a new style in painting with these components. Its approaches were based on the understanding of Qajar aesthetics. After the arrival of the printing industry, lithographic illustrations continued in line with court iconography. One of the works that was copied in lithography during this period is the book One Thousand and One Nights; containing a collection of lyrical, epic, and folk themes, the book is closely related to the culture and worldview of mythology and lyrical literature. The issue raised here is the extent to which the re-creation of this printed version and its iconography of painting and art common in the Qajar period. This research has been done by descriptive and analytical method and relying on library data. The findings of the research indicate that the lithographic version of One Thousand and One Nights by Mirza Aligholi Khoei, with the revelation between traditional experiences and new approaches, has presented a new method in the Qajar Assembly.

The knowledge gained in the field of social history in ancient Iran has constantly caused complications for researchers due to the method of historiography and the limitation of written sources. Meanwhile, the remnants of the Sassanid period (224-651 AD) provide researchers with more information in terms of quantity and quality. Nonetheless, the share of women as a significant population in society is limited. The issue under investigation in this study is how to recognize the situation of women in the Sassanid period based on the remaining seals of the mentioned period. This research has been done by a descriptive and analytical method whilst focusing on library data. The findings of the research indicate that according to the seals, stamps, coins and other works of art of the Sassanid period, in addition to the status of the queen, women have also reached the status of monarchy. Scenes of women next to men in the act of flower-giving acts considered as a request for matrimony and marriage is seen. The use of women's motifs on seals and other works of art can be considered as a new development and attitude towards women in Sassanid society.

Symbolism as one of the tools of pictorial expression and transmission of concepts has brought many works of Iranian painting closer in form and meaning. On the other hand, the use of symbol is also considered as one of the literary arrays. In the process of composing, what attracts the poet's sensation, emotion and imagination more is the creation and the space and scope of nature. Iranian artist creates in a symbolic atmosphere; Taking advantage of the valuable context of Persian poetry and literature, the Iranian painter has not sought to represent tangible nature, but to represent symbolic effects. Manouchehri Damghani and Molana Mohammad Jalaluddin Balkhi (Shams) are among the most prominent poets describing nature in Persian literature. The present study seeks to analyze the symbolic effects of nature in poetry and painting in the fourth and seventh centuries AH with a descriptive and analytical method. The research findings demonstrate that the use of lexical range in the poems of Manouchehri and Rumi shows that their poetic world is a green world filled with symbols resembling nature. The symbolism of nature depiction is beautifully visible in the poetry of these two poets and the painting of the fourth and seventh centuries AH. The invention and use of symbolic elements in Iranian painting in the mentioned centuries does not bear an independent form, but an evolutionary process in form and content based on Persian poetry and literature of this period with poets such as Manouchehri and Rumi and under the influence of naturalistic imagery influenced from Chinese art.

From the Islamic point of view, society or communal environment is one of the most imperative factors and contexts in which human personality is formed. The social environment in diverse societies is constantly changing and adapting to the requirements of time and place. In today's world of communication and the age of propaganda, the media has an important place in depicting social ideals and culture. Wide global networks play a central role in shaping public opinion. The religion of Islam has always paid attention to the Islamic way of life and has provided guidelines for aspects of human life that can guide man on the path of growth. Community agents and intellectuals in the fields of behavior and society, due to the rapid changes in society and factors such as the emergence of new ways of life, changing attitudes and norms of life and the emergence of socio-ethical issues, pay exceptional consideration to the need to promote lifestyle; moreover, they have experienced the desired society of Islamic culture. The issue raised here is the role of the application of visual arts in promoting a social lifestyle based on the Qur'an and Sunnah. The present study applies a descriptive and analytical method to achieve a model for promoting Islamic social lifestyle with the media as one of the new communication tools. In this regard, the present study with a strategic approach and with the aim of determining the role of Quran and Sunnah on people's social lifestyle in the media has reached the conclusion that the media has a role beyond program production due to its impact on various areas of life. Hence, adhering to religion and institutionalizing Islamic values and removing anti-religious programs from the media are imperative.

Psychological studies emphasize the deep connection between beauty and the feeling of peace and security. In today's society, human beings are facing unalike environmental changes. The creation of residential complexes is one of aforementioned fluctuations in the environmental structure of the society. One issue that can be raised is the impact of residential complexes, as new structural alterations, on the security of individuals. Hence, aesthetics is a science that can be applied to generate a sense of safety. Today, the existence of security, as one of the foremost requirements of human beings, is one of the most vital structural factors in the quality of life. This research has been accomplished with a descriptive and analytical method and with the application of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The present study population includes more than 2000 as the research sample. After distributing the questionnaire, data was analyzed using SPSS software at both descriptive and inferential levels. Findings show that the five main factors have a significant impact on environmental security and crime reduction in the context of residential complexes. These 5 factors are physical security, surveillance, fear of crime, territory, management and maintenance. After comparing their means in the sample group, the results showed that the component of surveillance has a high average and the component of fear of crime beheld a lower average. Other variables (physical security, territory, and management and maintenance) also had a moderate value. Therefore, physical security, supervision, fear of crime, territory, management and maintenance have a significant role in environmental security in the context of residential complexes. Paying attention to these components along with creating natural environments has an imperative role in stabilizing the space with the dominance of beautiful and relaxing structures in residential complexes.

Poetry and literature are constantly an echo of the events taking place in individual and social lives of people. It partakes an imperative role in motivation, hence poetry in various historical periods, while being a tool for expressing emotions, has also had a great power in encouraging various fields. Egypt is one of the countries that has experienced a complex set of domestic and foreign events in the contemporary period. The issue that can be raised here is the reflection of these developments and the type of confrontation with them in the poems of contemporary Egyptian poets such as Muhammad Afifi Matar. Afifi Matar is one of the committed poets of Egypt in the contemporary period who composed poems with the themes of stability against internal tyranny and oppression and the manifestations of resistance with the approach of awareness, nationalism and patriotism and relying on the homeland. Friendship and anti-oppression have become the main features of his works and the theme of his poems. This article is accomplished via descriptive-analytical method whilst relying on library data. The findings of this study indicate that Matar has preferred the structure of modern poetry to the old form of poetry and has chosen this form as a pleasant means to express his ideals and goals. The Divan of Mohammad Afifi Matar is full of themes such as motivating people to fight against oppressive rulers, advocating patriotism, fighting silence in the face of oppression, demanding the exit of occupiers, hoping for freedom and the elimination of oppression, and so on; ultimately this has led to visual descriptions of freedom and resistance in his poems.

Poetry, a literary and artistic creation, is a combination of different elements. Imagination and illustration are significant aspects of poetry. Imaginary elements in this genre of literature play an important role in its beauty and permanence. Among these, lyrical poems are among literary forms in which illustration is prominently visible. Lyrical poetry is a reflection of the poet's personal feelings and emotions. Some literary works such as Khamseh Nezami, which were copied during the Safavid period, are also a reflection of pictorial and imaginative elements. The study of the reflection of illustration in the poems of lyrical poems with the five paintings of Shah Tahmasebi can illuminate the deep connection between poetry and painting. This descriptive and analytical method seeks to study the forms of imagination and illustration in systems such as Nasrin and Firooz, Salim and Salmi, Nel and Daman, Naz and Niaz. The research findings indicate the deep presence of illustration and imagination in such poetic artworks. The use of rhetorical industry, style and innovation of illustration is almost the same in all systems, but the style of illustration of the story of "Nel and Deman" has changed outlook midway. The most common criteria used in the imagination and illustration of these few systems are on such axes as emotion, communication and information, social class, the position of the beloved, speech and conversation, carpentry, planets and natural elements. In Khamseh Shah Tahmasebi's paintings, the element of imagination and illustration such as mourning, beloved, speech and natural elements can be evidently seen.

The History of Beyhaqi written by Abolfazl Mohammad bin Hussein Beyhaqi was published during the contemporary Ghaznavid period and became a great historical artwork. Being attentive to political dialogues can be helpful in recognizing the political and social developments of this period by studying the contents of the mentioned book. Also, such interchanges are essential in achieving authoritarian goals and political and social power in Iran and other Islamic countries. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive through library studies. The findings of the study indicate that Amir Massoud, relying on his political conversations in the exercise of power, sought to dominate his thoughts over other beliefs and political views of courtiers. He considered this space a necessary path for the growth and consolidation of political and social sovereignty, both in the field of domestic and foreign policy. He uses behavioral and speech skills in the political and social space, such as: facial expressions and gestures, motions and other behaviors, both on his own and those of his other advisers, a comprehensive goal bestowed a deep belief in consolidation. An in-depth look at the political currents of his reign reveals insights and themes such as authoritarianism, intimidation, punishment, repression of intellectual and political opponents, and espionage. Diverse personal, social and political situations of courtiers, considering their temperaments and beliefs, is an important part of the political conversations of Sultan Massoud Ghaznavi with the courtiers in the illustrated history of Beyhaqi.

Management styles are explicit ways of making decisions. These styles can vary depending on factors such as community culture, task expectancy, workforce diversity and personality features, and finally, the abilities of leaders. A number of ancient sources are a reflection of management styles of their period; in this regard, the Shah Tahmasebi Shahnameh which is written based on Ferdowsi Shahnameh is considered as such. There are three mythological, epic and historical periods in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Ferdowsi first applies the symbolic use of myth to express the management principles of kings and according to the epic atmosphere of such myths, he narrates the privileged views and superior management of the character. The method of conducting the present study is a descriptive-analytical method based on library data. The management styles studied in the present study are based on Tannbao and Schmidt (1973) theory of management styles, including: independent or authoritarian management style, sincere or paternal management style, democratic management style and free or non-intervention management style. The results indicate that Ferdowsi's poems create a new story by using figurative and symbolic language and through their political, social and cultural tendencies, have portrayed the management styles of kings and commanders.

Today, one of the architectural concerns in Tehran is the formation of houses without regional identity, the unification of the physical environment and the disappearance of the architectural identity and appearance of the houses. However, the concept of housing in Iran is tied to the culture and climate of each region, and this can be studied in stories and particularly climate literature and perceiving the views of authors that are taken from the layers of people's lives. The issue that can be raised here is the recognition of the role of climate stories in the awareness of architectural elements and features in the past. The research method of this research is descriptive with the method of comparative studies and the research approach is qualitative. The type of research is fundamental in terms of purpose, and considering that its output is supposed to be methodical, then it is explanatory in terms of the type of results and in terms of the technique of literary criticism analysis. The process of data collection is library research and since the foundation of this research is the use of climatic literature, literary criticism and content analysis were used. Findings indicate that through the principles of critical regionalism, one can get acquainted with the characteristics of climatic fiction. The application of semantic critique method with narrative, lexical (formalistic), technical, structural, social and aesthetic semiotics approaches is effective in understanding the architecture of old houses through climatic stories.

The identity of people in society is formed in the light of various causes and factors. Location or environment is one of the most significant factors in categorizing individuals. The arrival and development of modern thought in Iranian cities has caused a change in the body and shape of the city in the past century. Moreover, this trend has accelerated, particularly in the last decade and after the Islamic Revolution, with the growth of technology. However, there is no comprehensive organization to change the mentality of individuals and their identity adaptation to the new body. It seems that the presence and use of citizens in these transformed environments has gradually led to a kind of spatial attachment in them. This research has been done by descriptive and analytical method and relying on quantitative and qualitative approach. To achieve the purpose of the research, after defining and explaining the concepts of spatial attachment, spatial identity and adaptive capacity, the conceptual model of the research was explained and defined and a structured questionnaire was designed based on it. Citizens and residents of area one of Tehran, according to the conditions of modern buildings in this area, were selected as the study sample. Therefore, after distributing the research questionnaire and reviewing these data by structural equation modeling, the research findings were reported. The results obtained from the findings showed that spatial attachment alone and directly will not be able to build an identity in the modern city and it is necessary for the presence of a mental adaptation in citizens' perceptions of the new environmental conditions.

Identity is one of the most complex concepts in the field of humanities and social sciences; A multifaceted phenomenon that reveals different principles and meanings from dissimilar perspectives. In a general view, identity can be considered as the result of the dialectic of the mental system and social and cultural structure. By adopting an identity view, the history of the report is not merely events, and the historian does not appear to be purely a static and inactive reporter, but the historian and his work have identities that find meaning in the general structure of other identities. National identity has several subsets, the most important of which is the status of language in its various dimensions, attention to national and ancient culture, and reference to ancient national beliefs and convictions. The history of Beyhaqi is one of the valuable historical monuments of the history of Iran in the Islamic period. The study of Iranian identity in this work is a matter for reflection. This research has been done by a descriptive and analytical method based on library data. The findings of the study indicate that although the Ghaznavid era should be considered a period of "weak Iranian identity" and the main reason was the non-Iranian roots of the rulers and the influence of the Baghdad caliphs in Iran, but Beyhaqi, like Ferdowsi, revived other Khorasanis. Persian literature has accomplished great efforts and in the margins of history has expressed the ancient Iranian customs, national ceremonies and Iranian poems and proverbs. During the mention of history, Beyhaqi has quoted verses from poets such as Rudaki, Ansari, Bo Hanifa Scafi, Daqiqi Labibi and a number of unknown poets on various occasions in order to take a step towards preserving and spreading the Persian language and literature and reviving Iranian culture. He has quoted 319 Persian verses and 290 Persian proverbs in the volumes of the history of Beyhaqi, and in contrast, he has used only 128 Arabic verses and 77 Arabic proverbs; moreover, he has also referred to ancient Iranian customs in four cases.

Architecture, like other cultural phenomena, as a system of signs is a source for the study of semiotics. Since architecture is primarily created not to communicate but to perform a function, it is a distinct and challenging case for many semiotics; bearing this in mind, Umberto Eco has developed his theory of architectural semiotics. The data of this research have been collected by documentary method and examined by qualitative method and content analysis. Findings indicate that the relationship between form and function and the achievement of multiple layers of meaning in the structure under study (Imam Mosque of Isfahan) can be clarified based on the theory of echo architecture in which implicit meanings are placed in parallel with secondary functions. Thus, in order to corroborate its hypothesis that symbolic meanings belong to secondary functions, the present researcher attempts to apply the capacity of echo theory in response to the challenge between external and internal elements in Islamic architecture and to provide an analytical framework beyond one-sided perspectives.

Communication and culture have to coexist. Communication is the product of culture, an indicator of the structure, mean, and communication field. No culture can survive without communication. The mass media is the most important index of modern society and includes radio, TV, cinema, publications, and the Internet. Meanwhile, the visual media, particularly TV, is more significant and desired than the other media. This matter is actualized particularly where children are proposed as the serious applicants of TV programs. In this research, the culture-building by the Tajikistan child TV program (Baharestan) is studied by proposing cases such as visual culture, media philosophy, and child TV. The methodology of this research is documentary studies by Persian, English, Tajik, and Russian books about children and teens TV, the guided interview by employees and management of Baharestan network and viewing of this network, and monitoring 14 months of Baharestan TV programs in 2012 and 2013 that 6 months of this revision was analyzed. Moreover, the researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the effect of culture-building of Baharestan network on Persian-language children of Iran, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan. According to the obtained results in this research, it was tried to study all the relevant and efficient details of the growth and culture-building of children through TV by case stud of Baharestan TV.

Painting and poetry, as two arts that are closely related to one's thoughts and interests, are a reflection of common religious beliefs and associated symbols. Painting and poetry are both rooted from the same source and foundation and correspond to the thoughts and ideas of the author. Sohrab Sepehri, a contemporary poet and painter, has a special style that distinguishes his works from others. The issue that can be raised is how to reflect the cultural beliefs and mystical thoughts in Sohrab Sepehri's paintings. This research uses a descriptive method and content analysis to analyze the style of Sohrab Sepehri's paintings. The findings of the research indicate that Sepehri has used mystical ideas such as Islamic mysticism and Zen Buddhism in his paintings and his works are influenced by Zen behavior. Most mystical artists, including Sepehri, have paid much attention to nature, which is one of the obvious manifestations of the creation of the universe.; in this sense, Sepehri sees and feels God next to the tall pine tree in the middle of the night. Sepehri's works also have artistic and semantic themes of worldview of mysticism, including Islamic mysticism. In general, it can be said that mystical ideas and Zen Buddhist behavior have been very influential in the composition and drawing of Sepehri paintings. Also, the existence of mystical and Zen symbols of Buddhism, such as mountains, trees, etc. in Sepehri's paintings expresses Sepehri's naturalism, which is one of the mystical ideas and principles of Zen Buddhism.

Tourism, one of the sources of economic nourishment in different societies and can play an imperative role in development and income. The growth of the tourism industry is of great position for developing countries, which face complications such as high unemployment, limited foreign exchange resources and the monopoly economy. This study includes two communities, the first of which is the statistical community in order to identify the components that affect the competitiveness of tourism companies. The second statistical population includes an unlimited group of domestic and foreign tourists who have used the services of tourism companies at least one time. Data collection method was based on a 31-item researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method, the value of which was higher than 0. 7 for all variables. Data analysis was performed from the implementation of questionnaires through SPSS and Smart Pls2 software in two descriptive and inferential sections (structural equation modeling). The results show that the seven factors of the model (strategy, image, service quality, value, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and financial performance) had a significant effect on the competitiveness of tourism companies in the country.

Ilam is the name of the oldest civilization and government formed on the plateau of Iran, which ruled a large part of southwestern and western Iran from the third millennium BC onwards. This civilization with the center of Susa as the center of trade of the Iranian plateau with other neighboring lands such as "Mesopotamia". One of the most important artistic elements of Ilam civilization can be considered as their cylindrical seals. The issue here is how and to what extent the seals relate to religion and mystical concepts. This research seeks to investigate the relationship between seals and the effect of seals of the Ilamite period with religion and elements of religion by descriptive and analytical methods and relying on library data. Findings indicate that the most important designs of cylindrical beads in Ilam are dedicated to mythological-religious motifs, which in most cases are the representation of gods, religious ceremonies or Ilamite kings. On this basis, it can be said that the Ilamites initially embodied their gods in the form of animals. From the end of the fourth millennium, the gods became popular in mixed forms of animals. In the middle of the third millennium, these forms gave way to the combined animal-human gods, and after the beginning of the second half of the third millennium BC, the gods were embodied in human form. Finally, during the first millennium BC, the first steps were taken to alternate the gods into a single and invisible deity; hence, they were depicted on the seals in this manner.

One of the most important features of the space is to create the necessary opportunities for social interactions. When people interact with other people in the community, a stronger connection to their place and community is felt. This interaction not only affects their social spirits, but also contributes to the economic growth and development of the communities present in those spaces. Today, according to economic and social conditions, various spaces have been formed in the direction of human habitation, of which labor-industrial settlements are one of these places. Given the novelty and specific characteristics of this style of architecture, how social interactions are formed within such circumstances is an issue. Such towns exist in rural areas around Tehran. This research intends to study the status of social interaction in industrial estates around Tehran through descriptive-analytical method and relying on quantitative and qualitative approaches and to examine how to improve the interactional space in them. For this reason, two industrial towns "Abbasabad" and "Pishva" were selected from among the industrial towns of Tehran province, and since the need to study the indicators and components related to architecture and social and cultural interactions in industrial towns; experts and specialists in the field of architecture, along with a number of managers and experts in the two towns, were the case study sample and the expert questionnaire based on the hourly model was developed and presented to specialists. Findings indicate that increasing the quality of public spaces in settlements, appropriate design, especially the routes of staff and employees, the existence of gathering activities, focal spaces for gathering such as playgrounds or dining rooms, the possibility of presence people multiply being together in space and moments and creating common experiences in industrial estates, and promotes social and cultural interactions in industrial estates.

Character is the most central foundation of any story that plays an imperative role in conveying the plot and theme of the story; hence a story revolves around character and no story is formed without it. Bijan Najdi is one of the great novelists of the contemporary period that the novel "Cheetahs who ran with me" is one of his most famous and enduring novels in Persian literature, which has a lot of eloquence and rhetoric. In the art of painting, one of the subjects is considered by the characters and related issues, and Mohammad Baqer Aghamiri, one of the contemporary painters, beholds works in this field. In this research, based on descriptive-analytical method, personality types in terms of structure, characterization methods, perspective, time and manifestations used externally and internally of the characters have been analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that Bijan Najdi's novel is character-oriented and its greatest emphasis is on the main characters of the stories. In terms of characterization methods, the author has benefited more from the indirect method. The majority of the main characters in this novel are static characters. The adaptation of this type of characterization to the works of Mohammad Baqer Aghamiri shows the similarities in terms of attention to personality and its dimensions.

One of the intellectual and philosophical developments in recent centuries is the structuralism movement. The structuralism movement initiated since the 1960s which completely dominated the intellectual life of France. Structuralism or formalism focuses on the external structure of narratives beyond meaning and aesthetics and does not scrutinize the concealed rudiments and layers of the text such as imagination, signs, etc. One of the protruding movements of formalism is the linguistic formalist who studies the linguistic structure of texts; henceforth, poetry as an example of linguistic structure has also been influenced by the formalist movement; hence, by examining the poems of contemporary poets, the extent to which the formalist is influenced can be exposed. Mehdi Akhavan Sales is one of the contemporary poets who has a collection of works. One issue that can be raised is the study of the linguistic structure of the Akhavan’ s poems in terms of semiotic approach. This research intends to study the characteristics of the poetry of the mentioned poet based on a descriptive and analytical method. The research findings show that the Akhavan’ s poetry has a formalized poem with a unique linguistic structure. Epic and nationalist illustrations are abundant in his poetry and features such as archaism, anomaly and narration are present.

Today, the environment and its threatening problems is one of the most vital challenges facing diverse societies. Therefore, this issue overshadows various dimensions of new plans and ideas promoting within the society. Architecture, as one of the structures that is closely related to the earth and the face of nature, can play a chief role in environmental issues. The Kish Island, considered by the tourism and cultural sector, is one of the most central and strategic areas in the current geography of Iran; therefore, the study of coastal architecture and the environmental challenges is an essential and evaluable issue. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method and nature. In this study, while introducing coastal tourism, the role of tourists and the environmental effects of related projects in the destruction of the environment and coastal architecture of Kish Island have been studied. Moreover, the collected data have been processed and analyzed using the SWOT analytical model. Findings confirm that based on the internal factors evaluation matrix, internal factors have not reacted well in tourism and coastal architecture and strengths and weaknesses have not been applied appropriately. Also, the study of external factors evaluation matrix shows that organizations and tourists in coastal architecture and tourism have reacted relatively well to external factor; and despite internal weakness, with the use of matrix-based interactive strategies based on the optimal strategy, the existing opportunities can be applied to remove obstacles.