History of Islam and Iran
Year:2019 | Volume:29 | Issue:43 (133)|Papers Count:8

Reasoning (or citing) historical accounts is the most important element in historical theology, which has shaped the main space of this essay. The fact is that the category of reasoning and citation in historical theology requires method, but what is commonly observed is that these arguments are usually abandoned without any explanation. The implication of a report can also be reflected in the kind of reflection that the report finds in the space around it. 'Problem' is a remarkable phenomenon in this reflective space. One of the rules that can be laid out in the reflection space is 'problematic'. That is, issuing (or quoting) a report, rather than being a constant and telling affair, tells an issue out of the ordinary. This article explores the principle of problematic and its implications for the analysis of historical and religious texts. In fact, it can be said that problematic is a linguistics principle that is used extensively in the analysis of history and, in particular, historical theology.

Looking forward to the concept of gender and employment, the following article seeks to answer the question why in the age of the Reza Shah, despite the government's determination to implement the awakening plan and the emancipation of women in different areas, and to turn women into government policy, In the field of women's employment, emphasis continues to be on the continued role of women's traditional roles and the importance of home-based businesses, and the education system, the institution of the family, the institutions of women's affairs, and the ruling ideology serve to emphasize the dignity of the home. The hypothesis of the paper sees the answer to the above question in the cultural, social and political structures that these structures themselves affect the political economy of Iran during the period under discussion, affect the social and economic life of women, and emphasize the home-based businesses for women It becomes a requirement for the state and social groups.

The issue of housing has always played an important role among the internal factors contributing to the dissatisfaction of the workers of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and the strikes held by them, because providing housing meant providing a shelter and giving identity to workers and their families. However, the role of housing issue in comparison with other occupational and welfare factors that affected AIOC during its operation has not been studied independently. Therefore, the present study has adopted a descriptive-analytical method and benefited from library-based and archival research to determine the role and importance of housing policies in various periods compared to other factors that resulted in dissatisfaction among the Iranian workers of AIOC. The Results showed that since the discovery of oil in Iran until the amendment of the D’ Arcy agreement in 1933, the housing issue had not played any significant role in the dissatisfaction of workers, while it had become the main factor in this regard after 1933, especially after the end of Reza Shah’ s rule and the rise in the number of the company’ s workers during the second world war. The strikes held by the workers in 1946 made AIOC to change its policies and move toward mass production and satisfying the needs of its workers, but the company did not have enough time to implement its programs as the strikes continued and the Iranian oil was nationalized.

The concept of "environmental protection" is a modern concept which, according to its origin, has a specific epistemic and intellectual foundations that represent it as a social problem derived from social movements. A concept that, while paying attention to the rights of marginal groups, embraces a variety of intellectual and political ideas. This concept is derived from democratic processes. But in Iran, due to the existence of a despotic semi-modern state, the course of development was selective, arbitrarily and caricatured. This article with an overview on the context of the formation of the concept of environmental protection in the West, shows that the despotic semi-modern structure of the Pahlavi government on one hand, led to the priority of industrial and agricultural production on environmental protection and on the other hand, prevented people from attending to environmental protection. These factors, along with the imbalance in various sectors of development, caused the emergence of environmental issues, including air pollution, as a case study of this research.

Whenever powerful dynasties dominated Iran's history, valuable collections of jewels and gold and silver were collected in their treasures. Concurrent to collecting those collections, a systematic and codified organization was created to preserve and maintain those treasures in the royal courts. Within those organizations there were also workshops for the construction and decoration of new jewels. During the Safavid period, the interest of the kings of the dynasty in having a magnificent court, made it possible to collect a collection of the best jewels inside the court of the Safavid kings. In that period, a precise and orderly organization was established to preserve, maintain, prepare, and construct jewels at the Safavid court. In the sources of the Safavid period, valuable information have been provided about the performance of the administrative organization of royal jewelry and its related positions during this period. The present article aims to study the administrative documents of Topkapi of the royal jewelry and the related positions of the collections by studying existing documents and resources. The research method used in the study is a library research technique and adaptation and analysis of available resources, especially the main ones. In this historical research, after collecting the necessary data, they were organized, analyzed, and finally inferred.

Although the Iranian Carpet Industry has a historical Background, this Industry had seen a rearrangement, regeneration and prosperity in Qajar era (especially second half of 19thcentury), because of the some facets such as its presenting to international exhibitions and the desire and interest of European merchants in this industry and their willing to Iranian carpet trade and thence, increasingly demand for this commodity and trade of its merchandises in World industry, and especially initiation of internal and external capitals for investment in this generative branch of industry the flourishing at the end of this period. Due to the analyze and attribute the historical document and sources, and by sought in historical evidences, this article sought to revision the situation of Iranian carpet Industry in mid-19thcentury, and search for answer the question of the quality or circumstance of regeneration and prosperity in Iranian carpet Industry in this era. Upon that of the article finding the depression and slump in Iranian Industry in mid-19thcentury and the Qajar endeavor to finding a second big authoritative, dependable, infallible and safe able sure bankroll for safety securing the government financial income for anomalous and unsteady imports to Persia, and unstructured demand for Iranian carpet in world vide trade network and downgrade or initiation of external purse and capital to investment in Iranian carpet trade and abundant in human resources and widespread of cheap labors, and also plentiful raw materials caused to that of regeneration and prosperity in Iranian carpet trade and increasingly in final last juncture of Qajar period.

Adjudication and Judiciary branch are one of the important institution in medieval history of Iran, especially in 14th century. Main task of the judiciary was review and settlement of people’ s disputes according to Islamic jurisprudence, and appointments and removals in religious affairs. Duty of Judges alongside with governors was establishment of justice in society. In 14th century, Iran due to Moghol’ s invasion, had no appropriate social and political conditions. In this Century, Local dynasties throughout Iran, were fighting against each other and created insecure situation. Economic infrastructures was broken down and moral and social abnormalities were increasing. We, in this research by causal approach, seek to find what were effects of political instability on social corruptions of judiciary in 14th Century? Findings of this research shows that insecurity had caused social contrast, retrogradation, and moral deviation among the judges. The political instability, induced in more social corruptions of judges and as we will see later, this led to appointment of illiterate, bribe taker, hypocrite and immoral judges.

2500 year celebration of the Persian Empire has been studied from different perspectives. The relations of these celebrations, especially, with highlighting the ancient history of Iran, that is Iranian magnificence's era, and Mohammadreza shah’ s efforts to legitimize his government are the main Ideas of most studies. Inviting many of the most powerful Leaders of the world to attend in this celebrations shows the exact planning of Pahlavi Regime to promote itself. This Study seeks to examine this celebrations from the International relationship viewpoint. The main question of this article is why Mohammad Reza Shah, despite financial problems, held these celebrations in 1971. With historical method and the concept of Gramsci's "hegemony" in the field of culture and international relations, answer will be given. Findings of the research indicate that Mohammad Reza Shaha, by holding 2500 year celebrations and introducing himself as an international actor in the 1350s, has taken steps to establish a hegemonic state in the Middle East, and by using tools he has succeeded in establishing a state of domination in the region, but in creating the hegemony was unsuccessful, and the 1979 Revolution ended this plan.