ARID REGIONS GEOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:34|Papers Count:6

The renewable energies (such as solar energy), could be provided through designing architectural and urban spaces compatible with the climate and the ecosystem of the region, taking into consideration the architectural features of the building such as its form, dimensions and orientation. The purpose of this research was to determine the most suitable form, aspect ratio and orientation of the building for receiving optimal solar radiation and The prevailing wind direction in Tabriz, Yazd and Bandar Abbas cities. In this research, six common geometric forms, including square, rectangular (EW and NS orientation), hexagonal, octagonal, hexadecagon, and triacontadigon (circle) with an equal area and elevation facing the South, were studied and among them, the form of rectangle, with aspect ratios of 1: 1. 2, 1: 1. 4, 1: 1. 6, 1: 1. 8 and 1: 2, in the directions 120, 135, 150, 165 and 180 degrees SE, and SW has been studied. The amount of received radiation energy on vertical surfaces has been calculated and processed through theoretical and real calculation, using the “ Law of Cosines” computational method for different months and in 32 geographic directions, in terms of the cold and hot periods of the year. The results of the research show that the best form of building in all studied cities is rectangular with East-West orientation and the next form is the square. The most suitable aspect ratio for the rectangular form with the East-West orientation is 1: 1. 2 in Tabriz city and 1: 1. 6 in Yazd and Bandar Abbas cities. Suitable orientation of the building based on solar radiation and The prevailing wind direction in Tabriz city is 165 degree SE and in Yazd and Bandar Abbas cities is 180 degree south.

Dust phenomenon is the One of the most important hazards in the dry and semi-arid region. The occurrence of this phenomenon is accompanied by many physical and financial losses. In this research, was studied the characteristic of land use and geomorphology dust source in Khorasan Razavi Province. At first, 65 soil dust sources were identified for the time period (2005-2016) by using the dust enhancement indices on the MODIS images. Then geomorphologic and land use maps were prepared and the dust source area were overlaid on these maps. The results indicate that in geomorphology map, 81 percent of the dust source area in the plain head unit occurred, accounting for about 71. 5 percent of the all area. At other geomorphic surfaces, dust sources area are located in the Playa unit (10. 7% in 17. 5% of the area) and in the mountains (6. 4% in 14% of the area). The results of land use survey showed that the highest number of dust source area occurred in poor rangelands (35. 3%) and dryland lands (27. 6%), which covers 35. 3% of the total area. By calculating the dust rate at different levels, it was determined that in addition to the type of geomorphology and land use structure, there is a close correlation between the area and the number of dust source per unit with the emission rate of dust.

The fragmentation and Segmentation of agricultural lands is one of the challenges facing rural development programs. Implementation of land consolidation policy in most parts of the Iran in the past years has always faced problems with farmers' participation and successful implementation of the project to solve this problem. The aim of this study was to study the boosters and barriers of farmers' participation in implementing agricultural land consolidation projects in Nehbandan County. The statistical population consisted of farmers’ residents in rural areas that 264 farmer as sample using Cochran formula and multi-stage random sampling method were selected and studied. The data collection instrument was a researcher made questionnaire that it’ s validity by professors and experts and its reliability through the pre-test and Cronbach's alpha for different parts of the questionnaire was confirmed in the range of 0. 72 to 0. 82. The results showed that 39. 8 percent of the respondents tended to be low, 11. 7 percent had a moderate tendency, and 48. 6 percent had a strong desire to integrate the land. The results of the correlation test indicated that there was a significant relationship between the willingness to participate in land consolidation and variables of agricultural experience, level of land ownership, number of farm plots, average size of plots, crop area, distance between agricultural land and water source and also village, social trust, awareness about land consolidation benefits and the level of government support from land consolidation plan. Based on the findings of factor analysis, 71. 75% of the total variance of participation in land consolidation is explained by eight agronomic, credit-supportive, organizational, economic, psychological, motivational, educational-extensional and legal factors.

According to Jane Jacobs, the main part of the concept of "street life" lies in its pedestrians. From his point of view, these are busy and vibrant walkways that give meaning to the city center by providing a social interactive environment. The existence of communities to achieve sustainable transport goals is obvious because it improves displacement, reduces the negative environmental impacts, enhances the economy, and improves social sustainability by improving social interaction. Perhaps disassembly can be considered as the amount of capacity and ability to navigate properly in the built environment. The contribution of walking on community safety, access and social participation has emerged as a serious challenge to the design of the urban environment, as pedestrian access has steadily decreased in most cities over the last century. In Iran, population growth, accelerated urbanization and increased personal ownership of urban vehicles, especially in the central part of the cities and the old texture, have increased the density in the city center road network and the occurrence of traffic congestion in them, which are generally for the passage of this type and The volume of traffic was not designed and the lack of road networks and their mismatch with today's needs, as well as the deployment of adsorbent population and productive forces, dense neighborhoods and sometimes incompatibility of the basic problems of these areas, and causing interference between rides and pedestrians. The area is in the city of kashan. Kashan is considered one of the most important historical cities of Iran, which has many monuments and valuable monuments. The protection and protection of these historical monuments requires pollution and traffic congestion of the cabin to pay attention to the issue of pedestrians. Although the city of Kashan has some problems, such as low passageways, narrow pedestrian width, crowded traffic and urban traffic, disturbing street view, floor problems, and other issues. For this purpose, the preliminary research is the answer to the question of what is the priority of the planning indicators for pedestrians and, finally, the appropriate passageways for walking in the city of Kashan.

In Sistan plain, conditions for wind erosion and, consequently, sand spreads are provided. Due to the settlements in the wind erosion centers of this area, the necessity of determining the origin of sands, the analysis of the hazards caused by the displacement of sand dunes and factors creating these hazards are the goals of this study. It is a descriptive-analytical study based on both field and library methods. Initially, by studying the maps and field observations, it was cleared that the dry bed of the rivers of this region is the main origin of sands. Then, the morphometric parameters of several Barkhans (during 120-days winds) and the amount of their displacement were measured and recorded. The statistical analysis indicated that there was an inverse relationship between the length of Barkhans with their displacement, while there was no significant relationship between the other parameters and Barkhans displacement. The presence of Barkhans near rural lands, the role of different land use, the effect of land roughness on the wind speed, and the amount of sand production in displacement of Barkhans can be considered as the main significant factors. The hazards of the sand dunes displacement at the villages include threatening public health, burying the villages, degrading the soil quality and destructing public infrastructure. Several factors such as intense and permanent winds, low-slope and low-roughness plain, fine-grained soil, successive droughts and vegetation loss play a role in the amount of sand displacement in Sistan Plain.

One of the main causes of air pollution in the arid areas of world, especially in Iran, is the increase of the PM10 concentration. The main objective of this research is to identify the most important climatic factors affecting the change of PM10 concentration near Yazd-Ardakan plain and its relation with wind erosion occurrence during the period from 2012 to 2017. For this purpose, the monthly average of climatic data, daily concentrations of particles smaller than 10 micrometers and hourly data related to different dust phenomena of the Yazd synoptic station were used. In order to determine the most accurate relationship between meteorological parameters and PM10 concentration, eleven bivariate regression functions (linear, logarithmic, inverse, power, exponential, second order, degree three, growth curve, combination, logistic and curve S) were compared with each other based on the Pearson correlation coefficient(R), F statistic, Relative Error(RE) and Root Mean Square Error(RMSE). Finally, by analyzing the relationship between dust storm index and PM10, the role of wind erosion event on its changes was investigated. The obtained results of regression functions analysis indicated that there was no significant linear relationship between meteorological parameters and PM10 during the examined time period while a significant nonlinear relationship was established between monthly mean air temperature and maximum temperature with PM10. The correlation coefficient, F, relative error, and squared error squared error based on the most accurate nonlinear function between suspended particle concentration and average monthly temperature were 0. 67, 8. 06, 0. 1, and 0. 09, respectively. To estimate the concentration of suspended particles based on the maximum temperature, the values of these parameters were 0. 65, 7. 3, 11/0 and 0. 08. The results also showed that 24% increase in suspended particle concentration in recent years was due to the occurrence of wind erosion.