Islamic Revolution Research
Year:2019 | Volume:7 | Issue:27|Papers Count:11

The collapse of the second Pahlavi regime has been examined from various outlooks and within the framework of various theories. Among the approaches in this regard, is the relationship between the development process in this period and the collapse of this government. Renovation and modernization influenced by western patterns and its reliance on Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's policy of the 1960s and later, raised the increasing concern of groups and strata of the defender of Islamic culture and tradition. Iran, as a developing country, was considered a Rentier state with a single-product economy, especially after the coup of August 19, 1953. This has led the collector state to pay attention to unrealistic mechanisms, regardless of the interests of the other classes stayed above them. Along with the introduction of oil and oil management, the collector state in Iran, for getting the needed support and functional legitimacy, begun to classify, especially the middle class, from It has not been financially independent. This process has prevented the classes from having right and could not challenge the state. Therefore, the present paper's question is: What role has the rentier state played in the emergence, expansion and construction of the new middle class? The nature of the collector state is such that does not count on the society as a significant weight because the government by getting rents from abroad, does not feel any need to other sources (taxes, duties, etc. ). This will give the government a monopoly power and do not sense the requirement to the participations of various groups and classes in power.

Politics are formed within a discourse, based on the duality of hostility and sympathy, or the incongruous and congrouos relationship with "other" discourses. Discourses with the definition of politics determine, on the one hand, the identity frontiers between the "insider" and "other" forces and, on the other, define the political conflicts in a community. The collapse of the Pahlavi regime and, eventually, its dismantling, was the result of a conflict among the discourses and the political Islamist discourse was at the head of them. The emergence of this discourse was more reactive than active to Pahlavi's discourse, which sought to stabilize itself in the context of the discourses of society by highlighting the other elements and marginalizing of religious discourse as non-existent. Accordingly, the present study examines how the political process was shaped by Pahlavi's discourse and its impact on the formation of the revolutionary political discourse of Islam in a crucial period in contemporary Iranian history. In this research, the researcher is trying to show how the political formulation of Pahlavi discourse has influenced the formation of the revolutionary political discourse of Islam in Iran by the method of Laclau and Moffe’ s discourse analysis and the extraction of concepts and categories related to the political concept. Our hypothesis in this paper is that the political formulation of Pahlavi discourse in the form of full hostility with religious discourse led to the politicalization of religion and the formation of revolutionary political discourse in Iran.

"Why and how did the Islamic Revolution of Iran win? " This is a question that has been discussed for many decades and nowadays, and various scholars have sought to answer it. So far, different approaches and generations of views about the Islamic Revolution have been born and different explanations have been given in this regard. This research focuses on the study and analysis of articles published in the four scientific journals of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, namely, the Quarterly Journal of the Islamic Revolution, the Quarterly Journal of Islamic Revolution Approaches, Quarterly Journal of the Islamic Revolution Studies, and the Quarterly of the Islamic Revolution's Research from the beginning to the end of the publications of 2018 year. The purpose of this study is to review the published articles and find out what Iranian scholars have identified as to why and how the Islamic Revolution of Iran won, and what are the characteristics of the researchers who have produced this literature? In fact, the main focus of the present study is the transformation of the field studies and how the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in two areas of research knowledge and characteristics of researchers.

Justice is one of the most attentive Qur'anic and Islamic instructions that have come to light in the political and social ideas of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution, such as Imam Khomeini and the martyr Ayatollah Motahari. But despite the fact that the slogan of social justice and emphasis on its implementation as one of the main policies of the post-revolutionary administrations, the issue of justice in the Islamic Republic's record has not been favorable to this day. Accordingly, the question arises why, with all the orders that religious teachings and the emphasis of the leaders of the revolution on social justice and its related issues, justice in our society has not got the deserved attention? In this paper, using a comparative analysis method, it is attempted by emphasizing justice from the viewpoints of the leaders of the revolution, to explore the implementation of post-revolutionary government development plans in order to clarify the extent of their divergence from the notion of justice from the point of view of the leaders of the revolution and to Identify the damage caused it and remedy the ways to strengthen and sustain the life of the Holy state of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

One of the most important accomplishments of the instituting of the Islamic Republic of Iran was to restore the role of Islam in society and consequently, on imposed war that can be analyzed in the history of the Islamic Revolution literature, especially in the novels of the sacred defense. The present research seeks to show that the sacred defense novelists in the last three decades of novelty-writing, how approached with the religious achievement of the Islamic Revolution? How impressive the three axes of Islam (beliefs, judgments, and ethics) have been on the created works? To answer these questions, ten sacred defense novels from the year of 1981 to 2011 have been examined in an analytical, descriptive, and statistical manner. The results of this study indicate the variability of the extent and reflection of the three aspects of Islam in the characterization, creation of situations, scenes and themes, which has led to take three main types of "educational-instructive", "philosophical-theological" and "moral-mystical" to the Islam in the writings of sacred defense novels.

In this research, we tried by focusing on six economic-cultural concepts, including: 1. Economics of Defense; 2. Quran and Sunnah; 3. The Thoughts of Islamic Revolution Leaders; 4. The Economy Requirements of Iran; 5. Domestic and International Knowledge and Experiences in Operational Concepts of Economy; 6. Iran's Economic-Defense contingencies to collect the dispersed researches on the field of economic resistance to classify them with an economic-defense approach into seven main axes and then to describe each one with a comprehensive framework for macroeconomic concept of defense. In identifying the seven dimensions of research in this area, field and library data analysis has been used. Later, with the focal group approach, received the expert comments and then categorized and eventually presented them as a model. In this research, dispersive researches on the field of resistance economy were classified with an economic-defense approach in seven main axes: research focused on the concept of defense-economics, the concept of resistance economy, the adaptation of Western economic models, the thought of the Prophet, the ulema and elites, economic sanctions and economic defense, and then was presented the strategic-cultural model of economic resistance with some economic-defense observations based on the ideas of the Supreme Leader.

In an effort to present a new analysis of the Islamic Revolution, the question ascends as to whether the Islamic Revolution can be considered a freedom or emancipation-seeking revolution? It is assumed that the Islamic Revolution was the renaissance of the Iranian nation to raise the cause of freedom, and emancipation in both two positive and negative aspects has been expressed. The present research is carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner and its findings show that the Islamic Revolution of Iran has mainly focused on four major issues (negative liberty); domestic tyranny, foreign dominance, anti-Islam measures of the Shah's regime and economic decline, and the threat to people's livelihoods. On the contrary, this revolution has articulated the favorable response to these issues (positive liberty) by establishing and realizing values such as religious democracy, freedom, efforts to preserve independence and national sovereignty, as well as efficiency with an emphasis on justice and deprivation.

The present article describes the evolution of the constitution in Iran; seeking to answer this question, what was the principle of revising the constitution of 1906 and is the constitution of Islamic Republic? And if we want to review the possibility of revising some of the current constitutional principles (approved in 1989), what would be a significant difference to this possibility or impossibility of reviewing? The findings of the research indicate that in the Constitution of 1906, due to the prevention of the return of tyranny and in the constitution (approved in 1979) of the Islamic Republic, due to the initial conditions of the revolution and the protection of the constitution against the post-revolutionary political storms, Revision of any of the above fundamental laws is not considered. However, the Constitution of 1906 was reviewed several times by various interpretations. However, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, after the constitutional amendments in 1989, the review principle (art. 177) has been incorporated into constitutional provisions, along with some other changes. It also seems that in the review of the constitution of 1989 it is possible to refrain from or refuse to review some of the issues of disagreement, such as the presidential or parliamentary system, the Expediency Council, the city councils, the presidential conditions, and so on. To answer the paper’ s question, the comparative-analytical method and the library study technique were used.