STRATEGIC STUDIES ON YOUTH AND SPORTS
Year:2021 | Volume:19 | Issue:50|Papers Count:18

Psychological characteristics are one of the most important determinants of sports success. Several studies have investigated the role of work-family conflict, perceived psychological stress and psychological capital in predicting the sports success of professional athletes. The study is to investigate the role of work-family conflict, perceived psychological stress and dimension of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience) in predicting the success and failure of sports in professional athletes. The population included all athletes in different sports fields in Khuzestan Province in 1397 that 240 professional athletes (120 successes and 120 failures) were selected as the sample through purposeful sampling. The participants were asked to answer the work-family questionnaire (Carikci, 2003), Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen and et all, 1983) and Psychological Capital Questionnaires (Luthans and et all, 2007). The Hypothesis of research was conducted using simultaneous discriminate analysis and stepwise method. The study is a correlational one. To analyze the data, both discriminant analysis and descriptive statistics were utilized. The results obtained by Enter discriminant analysis confirmed the hypothesis and revealed that success and failure in sport can be predicted by the variables of the work-family conflict, perceived psychological stress and dimension of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience) (Predictive coefficient=0/717). The stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that optimism, self-efficacy, hope, work-family conflict and resilience are the proper independent variables for sports success (success and failure) as dependent variable (Predictive coefficient=0/719). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that family position, perceived psychological stress and dimension of psychological capital, plays an important role in sports success of professional athletes. Therefore, it is recommended to sports success and increase psychological capital, Athletes have to learn stress control skills during exercise and the awareness of the families about championship sports must be upgraded.

The study is to develop a performance evaluation model for all departments of sports and youth in the provinces of the Country. The research is a descriptive one which has been done by field method. This is a combinational study. The statistical population in the qualitative part included executive and scientific experts and in the quantitative part were the experts of performance appraisal offices (439 people). 205 people were selected by random sampling method and using Morgan table as the research samples. The required information was collected from two methods of library and field with interview tools and questionnaires and for data analysis, the Kloizi method was used in qualitative part of and path analysis and Friedman tests were used in quantitative part. According to the research results, seven dimensions of championship sports, public, women, youth, finance, human resources and information technology should be used to evaluate the performance of the General Departments of Sports and Youth. Data analysis also showed that championship sports are prioritized because of the tangible results. On the other hand, sport is an issue that can be both lucrative and requires a lot of financial resources, and accordingly, the financial dimension is the second priority after the championship sport and before the dimensions of public sports, women's sports and even youth affairs. Dimensions of public sports, organizing youth affairs, women's sports, human resources and information technology are in the next ranks of the list.

The study is to develop a framework for the construction and development of sports venues with a combined design approach. The research method was a two-step exploratory combination of instrument making. The qualitative research method was qualitative case study and potential participants included 23 faculty members and sports venue managers. The sampling approach was targeted and the sampling method was key. The research tool was not structured. In the analysis of themes based on the thematic themes identified in the whole research, a more general classification has been done which leads to the identification of organizational themes (factors related to aesthetics, safety factors, factors related to sustainable urban development, factors related to equipment, factors related to Urban geography, factors related to culture, factors related to location, factors related to foresight, factors related to coherence and comprehensiveness and factors related to symbolism) and in fact factors and frameworks have become a model for building and designing sports venues in the country. In a quantitative part, the research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population included all managers of sports venues in the country and according to Cochran's formula in unknown communities, 384 people were identified as statistical samples. The tool used in the quantitative section was the researcher-made scale based on the network of themes of the qualitative section. For the study of formal validity, ten professors of sports management were used and for the content validity of the questionnaire questions, the carcass model was used (cvr=0/76) and the content validity was confirmed. Convergent validity, hybrid reliability, and Cronbach's alpha were also confirmed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the suitability of the research model. The results showed that the amount of T related to each factor has a significant effect and all the framework of the model of construction and design of open sports venues in the country was approved. Also, location factors with an effect of 0/612 are the most important factors in the framework of the model of construction and design of outdoor sports venues in the country. Therefore, due to the necessity of the model framework for the construction and design of sports venues, it is recommended that the issues related to location factors be considered by the authorities.

The study is to analyze the arenas of Iran National Sports Charter thematically. This research project was exploratory and qualitative nature. The data were collected using a national and top-level macro study, a comparative study of selected countries' sport charters, and in-depth interviews with sport experts and other experts using thematic analysis and coding results. In-depth and unstructured interviews with 15 experts in sports and physical education including academics and physical education faculty, sport executives including (Ministry of Sport and Youth, Federations, Physical Education Departments, Clubs Athletes, National Olympic Committee and Department of Physical Education of other organs), national elite athletes and coaches were selected by purposeful sampling through snowball technique and continued until theoretical saturation. Several focus group sessions with a certain number of experts (seven) were performed. Based on thematic analysis, the data were coded and analyzed. In a thematic analysis, the data from the interviews with the experts were coded into the research topic. Then, in two stages, the initial concepts were developed. In the first phase, 49 concepts were extracted from the interviews with the experts. These concepts were coded in the second stage for greater coherence and for better analysis and interpretation in the form of 13 more abstract concepts. Next, 13 concepts produced in the secondary coding process were categorized into eight major categories or themes: spirituality, education, ethics, empowerment, health and mobility, justice, community and international relations. These major themes (abstracts) are at a higher level of abstraction than the preceding concepts. Given the importance of the eight elements in the Iran National Sports Charter, which combines the religious, social, scientific and cultural elements, it is suggested that these elements be considered as basic elements in major policy making and long-term programs in sport institutions.

The study is to identify and prioritize the indices of activation of the private sector in resistance economics in the national sport. This research was correlative and The statistical population of this study was elite sports management, including physical education faculty members and heads of sports federations, as well as selected directors and experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth (N=450). Based on the Morgan table, 152 individuals were selected randomly by stratified sampling. In order to achieve the research objectives, a comprehensive list of components of privatization was prepared and adjusted and a researcher-made questionnaire was designed. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by 15 sports management professors and their reliability in a preliminary study with 30 subjects and with Cronbach's alpha 0/911 was calculated. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used by SPSS and Amos22 software. The results showed that the main variables of economic, legal and cultural privatization ae of the ability to categorize 53 indicators. According to the general results of the research, it is suggested that the identified indicators such as pay subsidies to nongovernmental investors, the existence of economic stability and the improvement of certain processes and easy access to the private sector exercise (reducing a lot of bureaucracy) are used to make the process of privatization in the country easier and faster.

Considering importance and role of sport in the international level inparticular the presence of clean and doping-free athletes in sporting events, it seems that achieving this is crucial in identifying the causes of this unpleasant phenomenon in sport. The research is to study the causes of elite athletes' tendency to doping which was done by qualitative research method. The statistical population was the board of federations, coaches and athletes of the national teams of cycling, running, weightlifting, wrestling and basketball which according to the report of the Medical Federation of December 2016 had the highest doping rates in Iran and participated in the Jakarta Asian Games. The Samples were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball technique. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and MAXQDA 2018 software was used for data coding and data analysis. According to the findings, 13 factors were identified as causes of doping tendency among Iranian national athletes, including personal, psychological, financial, legal, managerial, coaching, functional, individual, attitude, social and cultural, control, structural factors. Finally, in line with the results, some suggestions were pesented.

One of the most important challenges facing societies today is the development of sustainable development in all areas. On the one hand, this is important in the field of sports, on the other hand, it indicates the level of social cohesion, and on the other hand, it shows the human capacities of societies. Also, the relationship between the level of development and well-being and social satisfaction with mental health and the reduction of hospital problems is not hidden from anyone. Of course, among the obstacles to social cohesion are economic and cultural barriers. The pervasiveness of sports, especially championship sports, and the importance of its place in international relations have attracted a great deal of attention from governments. The ability of a sports system to be sustainable is inevitably dependent on the success that the system achieves in relation to the environment. However, the need for sustainable development with the environment requires the distribution of resources and responsibility of work between system components so that internal elements by accepting their position and role along with other elements to continue the function and stability of the system in a changing environment. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between social cohesion and sustainable development in badminton sports from the perspective of the country's elites. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 20 sports elites who were collected using the interview method and theoretical information saturation. A small number of athletes, coaches, supervisors and elite badminton executives, numbering 242, also participated. The entire statistical population was included in the study as a whole, and the statistical characteristics of the questionnaire of the components of social cohesion related to sustainable development in the country's badminton elites are summarized as follows: (1) Component of Community Sense of Integrity: This component explains 19/776% of total variance and includes 5 items. (2) The component of friendly and loving relationships: This component explains 18/666% of the total variance and includes 5 items. (3) Social Relationship Component: This component explains 13/18% of the total variance and includes 5 items. (4) The component of group interactions based on shared values and the embodiment: This component explains 13/031% of the total variance. GFI, AGFI and NFI indices show very good fit. Since the values of these indices are above 0/9, they indicate good fit to the model. The results showed that social cohesion and space play an important role in the elite maneuvering of badminton athletes, which in turn plays an important role in selecting and executing development plans for the benefit of athletes and achieving sustainable growth and development.

The study is to measure the effectiveness of the strategic management process and its impact on organizational accountability in the Ministry of Sport and Youth. This study is a descriptive-correlational research that is conducted as a field study. The population of the study includes 800 people that consists of all employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth, according to the inquiry of the Assistant to the Support and Human Resources. The sample size required for this research is 260 people that were selected by simple random sampling based on the sample size chart of Krejci & Morgan. A questionnaire was distributed among them and 251 questionnaires were returned. The research tool was Strategic Management Effectiveness Questionnaire in Sports Organizations based on the work of Faridfathi (1396) and Waezy's Organizational Accountability Questionnaire (2011). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 10 faculty members in the field of sports and leisure management. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine reliability and the questionnaire was given to 25 people of the population. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Strategic Management Effectiveness Questionnaire was 0/82 and for the organizational accountability questionnaire was 0/84. The results indicated that the effectiveness of strategic management in the Ministry of Sport and Youth is not in a good situation (p=0/05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the effectiveness of strategic management and organizational accountability (p= 0/05). It can be concluded that the Ministry of Sport and Youth needs to evaluate strategic management processes and strategies for the effectiveness of their strategies. Also, accountability system should be strengthened in line with the organizational goals and strategies.

The research is to design a model of sport for all governance in Iran. The study is a descriptive-analytical type that has been done through fieldwork. Statistical population of the study included all of the faculty members of physical education colleges that were familiar with sport management, all managers and their staff at the sport for all deputy, and all sport federation’ s managers and staffs that were related with sport for all, sports directors of provincial municipalities and sports executives of various armed forces (N=750). Based on Morgan table, 254 persons were randomly selected as research samples. To achieve the research goals, a researcher made questionnaire with 55 questions was used. The validity of questionnaire15 was confirmed by 20 experts, and its structural validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Its reliability was studied 30in متخصصین رسید و پایایی آنها در یک مطالعه مقدماتی بina pilot study with 30نفر آزمودنی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و پایایی آنها به ترتیب subjects and calculated about 0/83محاسبه ش. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics andهای آمار استنباطی از جمله inferential statistics methods, includingکلموگروف Kolmogorov--اسمیرنوفSmirnov، t, KMO, Bartlet test, exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation and confirmed factor analysis by application of AMOS software and SPSS software were used. The findings. یافتهRes showed that there are 7 factors such as government, planning, law, organizing, scientific and educational, media and communication, for the model of sport for all governance in Iran. The predictive power of these factors based on the total percentage of factor cumulative variance is equal to 56/4%. . Also, the achievement model is goodness.

This study was conducted to examine various studies aimed at socializing via sports participation through a systematic review of the evidence. In this study, all published internal and external papers after 2000 related to socialization through sports participation were analyzed. In the initial search of a total of 10938 research papers in internal and external bases, the articles that were included in the study were evaluated in terms of quality using the checklist, 42 articles were cited and categorized in the context of socialization through sports participation and entered the data analysis stage. The results showed most of the internal studies were centered on Tehran, and foreign studies were conducted with the focus of the United States, Turkey, Netherlands and Romania. The amount of attention to research on socialization has increased in internal papers from 1390 and in foreign articles since 2010. Many researchers have written their article according to the symbolic reciprocal viewpoint, and the largest statistical population of the research was the students. Research results showed that important factors such as family, school institution, systematic propaganda of public and private media, religious institution, government policies, available facilities and economic and social base in sporting system participation have been affected. Finally, it can be concluded that the absence of an appropriate pattern in the context of socialization through sport in internal and external studies is more than ever felt by many social groups that many scholars need to pay attention to this subject matter.

The study is to investigate and prioritize the factors affecting the tendency of Birjand citizens to existing sports. This research is a descriptive study of correlation type in terms of its nature and method and an applied research in terms of the purpose. The statistical population was consisted of all citizens of Birjand which 384 people were selected through the Morgan table using available sampling method as the statistical sample. A standard questionnaire (ghafori 2003) was used for collecting data on public participation and championship. To analyze the data, descriptive and t-test and structural equation modeling were used with SPSS and PLS software. The results showed that the media outlets, the structure of sports organizations, social demand, non-sports organizations, globalization and communication respectively had the most impact on the tendency of Birjand citizens to sport. Therefore, it is necessary for sports managers, along with other managers, to form a common think tank in order to better identify the sports needs of citizens in the community. In addition, it is necessary to use sport for all and championship sport as two important axes in their sports planning.

The study is to investigate the causal relationship between performance assessment and organizational commitment with mediator role of strategic thinking among staffs of Sport and Youth Organization of Alborz province. This is an applied study in terms of purpose that could be considered as a descriptive-correlational research in terms of methodology. The data was gathered by field survey and questionnaire. The statistical population included all staff of the organization (n=162). The staff was employed in the organization based on contractual and formal commitments. Krejcie and Morgan's table was used for determining the sample size. Therefore, 113 participants were selected by simple random sampling. Instruments of the study were questionnaires of Mc Adam performance management standard (2005), Lina organizational commitment (2007(and Husseini’ s strategic thinking (2012). Face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 10 experts and professors in sport management. The reliability was calculated as 0/80 for organizational commitment variables and 0/94 for strategic thinking and 0/94 for Performance Assessment variable based on Chronbach alpha coefficient. Following library studies, the data were collected using field study and questionnaires. Pearson correlation test and path analysis were used by SPSS and PLS software for data analysis and hypotheses-testing. The results indicated that strategic thinking has no significant mediator role in the relationship between performance assessment and organizational commitment (P=0/925, T= 0/094, b= 0/002). Thus, it is suggested that managers and authorities in Sport and Youth Organization encourage staff to futurism and targeting performance and utilize it for increasing organizational commitment and prosperity of the organization through proper planning and considering the role of justice of assessment.

The study is to identify the efficiency of technical skills which lead to success of volleyball teams took part in the premier league of Iran, season 2016. The sample was constituted all the matches of volleyball men team participated in this season. Overall, 151 games and 53688 actions videotaped and evaluated. Collection of data included the use of statistical recording program named “ Data Volleyball Sport Project software” . The parameters that evaluated were: a) Spike, b) Reception, c) Serve and d) block. It recorded every skill of the game, for each player of each team. There was a five-level scale protocol according to the effectiveness of the skill (Eom & Schutz, 1992; Eom, 1989). The team's level was established in relation to the final classification of the team in the competition (level 1: 1st-4th; level 2: 5th-8th; & level 3: 9th-12th). Inter-and intra-observer reliability coefficients of the studied variables were calculated (r > 0/92) after training and during the analysis. The results showed a significant difference between teams' levels for the efficiency of skills in Spike, Serve and block. The reception was the skill that differentiates the teams of level 1 with the teams of level 3 and 2 perceptively. Therefore, it's concluded that the skill of reception is one of those skills that distinguished the high-level teams from the others.

Since cultural capital is known as one of the factors of sustainable development, knowledge and acquaintance with cultural heritage which is one of the components of cultural capital development, can promote the cultural level of youth and facilitate the path to sustainable development. The study is to manage the development of cultural capital in youth, which seeks the effect of awareness of Iran's cultural history on the development of cultural capital youth. Also, it is to investigate the relationship between the cultural heritage recognition variable as a correct knowledge of Iran's cultural history and cultural capital development management in the youth of Tehran. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and the method was descriptive. Based on the Cochran's formula, the sample population was 385 young people in Tehran who have been selected through random cluster sampling in the age range of 18 to 35 years according to the decision of the Supreme Youth Council. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0/7. At the level of descriptive statistics, SPSS 32 and in inferential level, PLS were used as the software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the variables of cultural heritage recognition and development of cultural capital in the youth of Tehran and the component of cultural heritage recognition can correctly predict and explain the development of cultural capital in youth.

The study is to present a comprehensive and systematic model of marriage style components in the country. The choice of a spouse in any society is made according to the social space and situation, norms, criteria and special conditions of that society. The research method is qualitative and a type of meta-study called meta-combination, which has been used as a library method to collect data. The study population includes all articles related to the research topic. In order to conduct the research after designing research questions, a systematic search based on related keywords, marriage style, traditional marriage, modern marriage, from databases that included all valid domestic scientific-research journals from 2009 to 2017. The results of reviewing 22 articles out of 44 initial articles by researchers revealed 8 dimensions and 35 components as dimensions of marriage style that were mentioned in various domestic studies from 2009 to late 2017. Based on these dimensions, the final integrated model is presented and validated. Therefore, this article by identifying all aspects of marriage style in the available resources from 2009 to late 2017, can be used as a basis to identify the marriage style in Iran for researchers and other groups, such as planners and government managers for community education and premarital counseling