Sport Management Journal
Year:2021 | Volume:13 | Issue:3|Papers Count:18

There are a number of factors affecting consumers' purchase behavior. It is believed that celebrities can affect selling positively by transferring their popular image to the endorsed product. But, it is heard lots about excommunicate behaviors in the sport world today. The main aim of the present paper was to explore the impact of doping scandal on sport marketing in Iran. Depth interviews data were analyzed in three phases: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. 297 open codes were achieved by 18 interviews. Grouping axial codes in each case and comparing, all gained codes can be divided in five groups: brand image (athlete and endorsed product brands images), moral reasoning (moral coupling, moral decoupling, and moral rationalization), consumer behavioral consequences (word of mouth, purchasing intention, and brand loyalty), attitude change (attitudes change toward athlete and brand), and moral emotions (moral evaluation, contempt, anger, disgust, and sympathy).

The aim of this research was to systematically review the studies of women’ s sports scope. Research method was descriptive based on content analysis and data collection was done through documentary. Research population was all the theses, dissertations, research projects and published articles related to the scope of women’ s sports (N=1157) from 2001 to 2015. A coded sheet was used as the instrument in which the concordance correlation using Scott’ s pi formula was 90 percent among coders. To analyze data, the descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and Scott) were conducted considering the significant level of P≤ 0. 05 using SPSS18 and EXCELL 2007. The results showed that most research around the scope of women’ s sports had been published from 2011 to 2015 (68. 6 percent). The number of all the research related to the scope of women’ s sports from 2001 to 2015 were 1157 documents in which 85. 7 percent were articles. Totally it seems that there is no balance between research subjects, sport fields, components, methodologies and instruments in women’ s sports studies. It is suggested that the researchers pay more attention to the different research subjects and fields in women’ s sports studies due to the significance of them.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the social and cultural consequences of success of Muslim female athletes in cross-country sporting events. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population included athletes with more than 3 years of experience in major sporting events. The sampling method was purposively selected and data were collected with 9 athletes. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation, meaning that the researcher did not obtain new data and code after the seventh interview, thereby halting the sampling process (7 + 2). Coding method and inductive approach to final themes were used for data analysis. For data analysis, NVivo version 10 was used. The findings showed that the consequences of success were classified into two categories: social consequences and cultural consequences. The results show that one of the consequences of the success of Muslim women in the athlete community is the importance of presence of women in sport and the increasing desire to fill leisure time and pursue professional sport.

Nowadays attention to customer satisfaction and loyalty is one of the most important factors for the growth and development of business owners. Among these, it is important to pay attention to human communication in marketing services between the person providing the service and the customers. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship and comparison between managers' communication skills and customer life-cycle in both public and private sports facilities. This research was based on descriptive correlational survey. Statistical population included all customers of the governmental and private sports facilities in Alborz province. As the statistical population was unlimited, to determine sample size, availability of the samples and cluster sampling method were used. As the result, statistical sample included 390 members. To collect data, a questionnaire of communication skills questionnaire by Vakilli (2012) and a customer life-cycle questionnaire by Wav & Lee (2011) were utilized. For inferential analysis, due to normal data, a Pearson Correlation Coefficient test was used. Also, Two-Sample t-Test was used for independent groups to make a comparison between Public and private sectors. The results of Pearson tests indicated that there's a positive significant relationship between all aspects of communication skills and customer life-cycle of both governmental and private sports facilities but there were not equal in all aspects. Thus, it is suggested to sports facility managers to pay special attention to their communication skills in order to increase the life cycle of their clients.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychological effects of advertising in cyberspace on Iranian brand equity (focused on sports brands) and marketing mix. Based on purpose, it was applied study and considering data collection, it was descriptive-survey. The research tools were three questionnaires including the psychological effects of advertising in cyberspace, Kotler’ s Marketing Mix Questionnaire (2008) and Sarmad & Bazargan’ s Brand Equity Inventory (2005). First (qualitative part), to conduct the field interview, the statistical population included the prominent sports marketing professors collaborating with leading manufacturers of Iranian sports brands. These individuals were purposively selected for qualitative interviews. Fourteen interviews with twelve individuals were conducted to reach the theoretical saturation. After collecting data of qualitative part, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among customers of Iranian sports brands. Due to the uncertainty of the exact number of all customers, the maximum sample size (384 based on Morgan table) was surveyed. Skewness and Kurtosis indices were used to evaluate the (normal or abnormal) distribution of data. To formulate the measurement and structural model, SPSS version 24 and Smart software PLS version 2. 0 were used. The results showed that psychological factors (enjoyment, positive attitude and positive emotion) had a significant effect on the Iranian brand equity and marketing mix.

The purpose of this study was to design a national model of sports talent management with priority of medal-winning fields (Case study of wrestling). This research is applied descriptive-survey. The statistical population included the experts in the field of wrestling and 199 people were purposefully selected as sample. Data gathering tool was a structured questionnaire with five dimensions and 55 questions. Two indexes of content validity were used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. To determine the relative coefficient of content validity, the opinions of nine wrestling experts were examined. The reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha. Structural equation modeling using SPSS software version 25 and R software version 3. 6. 1 (Semplot, lavaan) was used to check the fit of the conceptual model of sports talent management. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the conceptual model developed for exploring the dimensions and components of wrestling sport talent management was fit and each of the components of these dimensions had a significant factor load. The three components that played the most roles in the talent management process were talent identification, talent development, and talent retention. The interfering factors had the most negative factor load in talent management.

The purpose of the present research was to determine the temporal design of human resources succession planning pattern in sports organizations. This research was carried out using qualitative method with semi-structured interviews with 17 people including professors and sports management experts who were selected using purposeful sampling. The data collection method was based on literature reviews and open interviews. To evaluate the face and content validity, the research findings were presented to the participants, and the study was done by the text of the theory, and their point of view was applied. To assess credibility, transferability and appropriateness, the research findings were presented to the participants, and the study's text was followed by their views. The method used for reliability was an intra-subject agreement method. The average agreement within the subject was 0. 79. The used software was MAXQDA vesion 12. Based on the findings, the number of open-source codes is 37, which were classified in the form of 8 individual, organizational, communication, professional-occupational, managerial, educational, visiting and evaluation concepts. Summaries of concepts were also arranged in three themes with the titles of prerequisites, competencies and talent management program. In the end, it should be noted that in order to realize the success of sport organizations, one should pay attention to individual and organizational prerequisites and plan talent management in line with the suitability of the staff.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the development of Tehran's sports space and present appropriate solutions with an emphasis on resistance economy. The research method was mixed. Therefore, the qualitative part of the research was based on the grounded theory and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews with experts considering purposeful sampling method. Data was analyzed after the three coding steps according to the proposed model of Strauss and Corbin (1998). The quantitative part of the survey was followed by the qualitative one. The population was composed of 370 managers, club staff, and sports service recipients in Tehran who were selected by cluster, stratified and random sampling. The face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by experts. Its content validity was assessed by factor analysis. The data was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and one sample t-test using Amos and SPSS software. The findings proved a strong influence of the capital attraction in sport. The effective indicators of empowering specialists, combating corruption in sports, codifying law, updating and strengthening sports engineering, and government support of the private sector in the development of sports spaces have been other solutions to influence central phenomenon. According to the results, the condition of all identified and effective factors to develop the sports space is in moderate level.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the lean leaders capabilities on professionalization of human resources Using the interpretive ranking process approach. This research was an inductive-deductive study that two qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used according to the type of data and conditions. The statistical population included 27 Sports organizations experts and managers Khorramabad city selected using purposive sampling. To confirm the validity, the questionnaire was distributed among the experts and they were approved. The Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha, which was equal to 0. 81. The findings included the identification of the lean leaders capabilities, The results of the professionalization of the human resources and also the analysis of the effects of the lean leaders capabilities on professionalization of the human resources. The results indicated that lean leaders capabilities enhance staff capabilities, motivational and inspirational skills, continuous improvement and commitment to learning, promoting teamwork and team building and decentralization, respectively Lean Leaders capabilities Cause professionalization human resources. The IRP approach was utilized to analyze the effectiveness of the lean leaders capabilities on professionalization Of the human resources. For example, lean leaders capabilities enhance the employee capabilities, the acquisition of ethical competencies, skills and knowledge, the ability to analyze issues, making changes, work independence, respect to the customers, toleration of ambiguity, and adaptability which leads to professionalization of the human resources In the organization.

Considering the importance of job creation in Kermanshah province and also because of its very good capacities and capabilities in the field of sport, it can be further developed by providing an appropriate context in this field, apart from providing citizens with health and related businesses as well as employment. Hence, in the present study, due to the importance of the subject, factors affecting the creation of sport entrepreneurship ecosystem in Kermanshah province were analyzed. This research was applied in terms of type of purpose and by nature in the descriptive-analytical research group using a heuristic mixed approach. The statistical population of the present study included all specialists in the field of entrepreneurship and sports in Kermanshah province. In the qualitative part, purposeful sampling and snowballing were used. After15 interviews with experts, theoretical saturation was achieved and for the quantitative section, 8 members of the same sample of the qualitative section were given a paired comparisons questionnaire to determine the significance of each of the identified factors. According to the findings of the study, the 9 main factors that have significant roles in creating and strengthening the sport entrepreneurship ecosystem in the province are as follows: The government and its policies, economic and financial factors, cultural and social factors, physical and technological infrastructure, laws and regulations, markets and conditions, university and industry and their interactions, management and human resources, natural-tourist attractions of sport.

The purpose of this study was to design a model to support intellectual property rights in Iran sport. The research method was qualitative based on the grounded theory approach. Research data was collected by semi-structured interview. Purposeful sampling was used until achieving the theoretical adequacy of the data (23 sport management professors, sports law professors and law professors). In order to measure the validity and reliability of the interviewing tool, intra-subject agreement and process audit were used. Data was analyzed with three systematic stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The analysis of the interviews created 101 secondary codes, 38 key concepts, and 28 categories. Accordingly, 9 main categories were entitled as "Membership and Interaction with International Law Organizations", "Cultural, Social, Religious and Political Areas", "Industrial Development of Sport", "Enactment of Intellectual Property Laws in Sport", "Education Mechanisms", "Supervision and Protection of Law", "Creating Structure and Managing Intellectual Property Rights", "Intellectual Property Rights’ Benefits and Profits" and "Intellectual Property Rights of Sporting Instances". Generally, it can be said that intellectual property in sport is influenced by many factors and its operation requires activation of different mechanisms.

The Unconventional scientific productions in higher education and the dependent informal employment are the problems that have plagued third world countries such as Iran in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine this market among the higher education students with an emphasis on the cognitive dissonance theory. The research method was qualitative-analytical. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 35 students, 52 heads of institutes, 5 authors and 10 sport sciences faculty members of Tehran university, Shahid Beheshti university, Allameh Tabataba'I university, Tarbiat Modarres university, Islamic Azad university and Razi university in 2018-19. The sampling method was theoretical and purposeful one. The findings showed that the strongest individual position was to be minion and the strongest external position was jobless and corruption in the society. The study showed that the sample was aware of the criminal nature of these types of jobs but had not received any penalties from the judicial authorities so far. It proves the weakness of the legal system. It can be considered as a kind of threat towards the education and legal authorities and requires their collaboration to remove such informal employment.

The purpose of this research was to design a model of physical education teachers' media literacy with an emphasis on the quality of the physical education course. This research was performed by mixed method with exploratory-developmental nature. In the qualitative part, the research data was collected through purposeful and theoretical sampling based on in-depth interviews. In the quantitative phase, the samples was selected by the available sampling and tested by modeling the structural equations of the model arising from the qualitative part. In this study, there were two statistical population: the first was the professors in the fields of sports management, educational and media management (n=11 people), and the second was the male and female physical education teachers in Kurdistan province (n=204 people). The results showed that continuous improvement of the quality of physical education course is considered through the use of media literacy as a cycle whose input is "requirements and prerequisites of physical education course". The process of this model includes the rules of applying media literacy to the physical education course and the output of this process is to improve the quality of the physical education course. In order to improve the quality of physical education course, media literacy can be considered as an organizational excellence system in which by strengthening its inputs and directing its processes, it has witnessed desirable outcomes.

The purpose of the present study was to formulate strategies that affect the optimal performance of sports media with the aim of developing football. According to the exploratory nature of the subject, the qualitative research method was used. The data were collected using interviews and document reviews. After completing 12 in-depth and semi-structured interviews with the statistical population of the research, the main categories were extracted after completing the coding process. Purposive sampling and snowballing continued until theoretical saturation. The results of data analysis were obtained through three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The results of the open coding indicated that 43 signs could influence the strategies that affect the optimal performance of sports media with the aim of developing football. Then, in axial coding, the signs were classified into 3 concepts of need assessment, communication, and purposive mission orientation, and for effective consequences, 3 concepts of socialization, generalization, and development dynamics were classified. According to the results of the research, effective strategies can be achieved through presented strategies to develop the optimum performance of sports media with the aim of developing football.

The purpose of this study was to explain the Iranian football stadiums security with emphasis on the role of match organizers. This study was applied descriptive with correlational approach. The statistical population consisted of the football boards’ members, police, stadium managers, experts and university lecturers. The sample size included 120 people. The instrument was the modified football stadiums’ security questionnaire (Faraji, 2019). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics methods, one-sample T-test and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. The results showed that physical protection of the stadium and human resource competence were the most important factors to ensure the football stadiums’ security. The components including control of the external environment, training, personnel competence and credibility were significantly positively correlated and control of toxic and chemical substances was significantly negatively correlated. The control of the internal environment as well as the control of the access routes were moderately effective. Considering the importance of the physical protection of stadiums and factors related to the human resources of football match organizers, it can be said that the role of organizers and the police has been considered as one of the most important pillars of stadium security. Technology and advanced security warning systems can improve physical protection procedures leading to effectiveness of the role of organizers and police human resources.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Covid 19 pandemic and the absence of spectators on the results of popular football teams in the Persian Gulf Premier League. The results of Esteghlal, Perspolis, Sepahan, Tractor, Foolad FC clubs at the first round robin stage of nineteenth season (with spectators) were compared with their results at the first round robin stage of twenty season (without spectators) using a t-test. The analysis of the findings showed that the results of the host teams without spectators were not significantly different from the match with presence of spectators at the stadiums. This lack of significance was observed in the number of home wins, the number of host teams’ goals scored, and the number of red cards shown to the host teams. However, there was a significant difference in the number of yellow card shown to the host teams. Although spectators always play an important role in the success of the host teams, strengthening the tactical and technical abilities of players and teams, managing the emotions and stress of players, and above all knowing the atmosphere and competitive environment and getting players used to spectators’ presence at the stadiums have caused the teams and players to acquire the necessary skills to control spectator pressure. Therefore, the effect of spectator presence on the results and performance of teams has been greatly diminished.

The purpose of this study was to determine the scientific participation of members, departments and faculties of physical education and sports sciences of universities across Iran in the production of articles published in journals with Web of Science index during the years 1970 to the end of 2019. This research was carried out with scientometric approach and network analysis method using Histcite, Nodexl and Vosviower. The research community was the scientific products of researchers in the field of physical education and sports sciences in Iran on the Web of Science website. The findings showed that 1520 articles in 513 journals in the field of physical education and sports sciences have been published in Web of Science, out of which more than 550 works have been published in open access journals. Data analysis showed that based on the number of scientific productions, Tehran, Guilan and Isfahan universities are ranked first to third in the country with 265, 200 and 148 articles, respectively. Findings also show that researchers of physical education have published most their work in three countries respectively; Iran (Emerging list), Italy (with the index of Q4) and Turkey (Emerging list). It was also found that most of the collaborations and citations of Iranian writers have been with researchers from the United States. This study showed that in recent years, although the process of publishing articles in Web of Science journals has been associated with a steeper slope, a significant number of these articles have been published in domestic journals (Emerging) and other foreign journals that this phenomenon needs a closer look. The results also showed that some experienced colleges as well as some specialized and research bodies have appeared in order to publish articles in prestigious journals far from expectation, which also needs more detailed study.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to the foundations of sports, and there is no doubt that careful monitoring of these challenges as a first step in the process of dealing with the consequences of this pandemic is of great importance. According to the significance of investigating the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Sport setting, the purpose of this study was to monitor the strategic challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in sport federations. This research has been a qualitative exploratory study that has been conducted by using a thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the study included experts in the field of sports management with the experience of familiarity with the principles of futurology in sport, and according to the nature of the research, 16 experts were interviewed as a statistical sample through snowball sampling until reaching the theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The thematic analysis of the data by Braun and Clarke’ s (2006) method led to the exploration of 161 codes, 13 sub-themes and five main themes. The findings showed that "Event challenge", "Infrastructure challenge", "Financial challenge", "Communication and interaction challenge", and "Health challenge" are among the explored strategic challenges for sport federations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on these challenges in the field of research and implementation can be a key step in improving and strengthening management processes in sports federations during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the post-corona era.