IRANIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS
Year:2021 | Volume:11 | Issue:36|Papers Count:6

Economic growth and development and the factors affecting it have always been the main goals of economic policy makers. Early growth theories based on the two factors؛ capital and labor, could not explain clearly the difference between the level of per capita income and the rate of economic growth of countries. As a result, new theories have emerged and by relying on knowledge-based economics and measuring the amount of knowledge used in a country's products, indicators such as the index of economic complexity have achieved good results in this field. The purpose of this paper is, explain the role of economic complexity index along with other traditional growth variables in the economic growth of 13 MENAT selected countries in the years 2008-2017, using panel data and using the Generalized Movement Model (GMM). The software is Stata 16. Based on the results, the variables: government size, per physical capital formation and volume of trade with negative coefficients-16. 16,-0. 06 and0. 33, respectively, have a negative impact on the economic growth and human capital and economic complexity index with coefficients 0. 12 and 0. 074 have positive and significant impact on the economic growth of the studied countries. Therefore, increasing investment in training innovative and creative labor, expanding economic complexity and indicators can bring higher economic growth to the region. The low coefficient of economic complexity index in these countries indicates the lack of attention of these countries to the production of high-tech products.

High and sustainable economic growth, due to its many advantages, has always been one of the main goals of each economy. Identifying the policies and factors affecting growth and development has been very important for developing countries. In the last few decades, some developing countries have been able to achieve the highest level of economic growth among the countries of the world despite challenges in accessing energy resources. The present paper is the latest study based on the theoretical foundations of production and economic growth and with help of the most advanced and appropriate dynamic panel methods, have estimated and analyzed the direct and indirect (interactive) effect of human capital, primary energy consumption, the interaction between “ human capital and primary energy consumption” , physical capital, stock labor input on economic growth in selected non-oil developing countries over a very long period 1973-2014. For this purpose, panel unit root tests, panel cointegration and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares estimation (FMOLS) have been used. The results of panel unit root tests and panel cointegration tests showed that there is a long-term relationship between the research variables. The results of the FMOLS estimator model also indicated that per capita physical capital (deepening capital) had a very significant (0. 64) role in economic growth in these countries. Per capita human capital and per capita primary energy consumption have also had a fairly similar, positive and significant effect (about 0. 17) on the economic growth of non-oil developing countries in the long run. But, the interaction effect of “ primary energy consumption and human capital” variable on economic growth was not confirmed in the model.

Appropriate fiscal and monetary policies affect income inequality in different ways, and this relationship has been confirmed both directly and indirectly in numerous empirical studies. Implementing inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies will have irreparable detrimental effects on income inequalities. Therefore, identifying a consistent path to combination of fiscal and monetary policies minimizes external effects and the adverse effects of monetary and fiscal policies on the income inequalities. Therefore, designing and implementing monetary and fiscal policies to reduce income inequality seems necessary. This study investigates the simultaneous impact of monetary and fiscal policies on income inequality in Iran during 1978-2017 using the ARDL method. The results show that in the short and long term, increase in money supply, inflation rate, exchange rate, Interest rates of longterm deposits, government expenditures lead to rising of income inequality and increase in tax revenues reduce income inequality. The adjustment power of the model is also 59 percent.

To explain the performance evaluation indices and determine the degree of importance they are based on balanced scorecard model in iranain oil terminals company using decision-making theory, multi-criteria decision making and using analytic hierarchy process technique and paired comparisons using Export Choice software. the importance and necessity of the study to achieve a suitable performance evaluation system with the aim of identifying individual criteria in the company's oil terminals is aimed at identifying and examining the basis of two sets of questionnaires according to the descriptive statistics of the research variables according to the descriptive statistic of the research variables according to the descriptive statistics of the research variables according to the descriptive statistics of the research variables according to the descriptive statistics of the research variables and using the delphi technique in three periods, 18 criteria that had an average of four criteria. since the Kendall correlation coefficient has increased for these 18 criteria in comparison to the second round, fifty-seven thousandth time compared to the second round, and it did not show significant growth in the two periods. consequently, by feeding data received from experts to Export Choice software, the main criteria and criteria of other levels are known and the results of the research will have the highest weights (rank) criteria for mission evaluation and, in the next step, criteria for customer and community, internal processes and learning criteria and growth criteria, respectively, are based on the recommendations of the research.

The petrochemical industry has the highest share of value added among all industrial sectors in Iran and consequently plays an important role in creating employment. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run asymmetric effects of positive and negative monetary shocks through monetary policy transmission channels that including exchange rates, lending and credit and interest rates on the value added and employment of this industry, which evaluated by non-linear Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (NARDL) model, seasonally since 1376 to 1397. The selected monetary policy variables in this case study are the exchange of rate, the amount of granted facilities to this industry credits) and the effective interest rate. The effects of shocks from monetary variables are classified in to two groups: positive and negative shocks by using Hodrick-Prescott filter. The results of this study confirm the nonlinear longrun relationship between monetary shocks and the value added of this industry, while the longrun relationship between these shocks and employment was not confirmed. In addition, the long-run effects of monetary shocks on the value added of this industry were asymmetric. In the end, it can be argued that in the long-run, monetary shocks have greater impacts on the value added of the petrochemical industry than on employment. Also, positive shock, i. e. exchange rate rise due to major export of petrochemical products, has more effects than negative shock on added value in this industrial.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the variables of the theory of quantity of money on inflation. Up to this extent Measure the impact of economic growth, liquidity growth and growth rate of money circulation on inflation. In the other words Set this theory seeks to identify and explain the behavior of the demand for money and how its effectiveness or impact of economic variables on the behavior of these variables. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of variables on the quantity theory of money on inflation. To do this, Iran and the 6 industrialized countries in two separate models simple VAR and Panel-VAR estimates and compared. Research data includes 1994 to 2019. Also estimated the models were done using the software stata 12. The results show that inflation with lag and velocity of money with lag is a significant and positive impact on inflation; this result both in Iran and in the 6 industrialized countries is true. The other result of this research is that in the 6 industrialized countries, inflation more affects velocity of money with lag. While in Iran, inflation more affects liquidity with lag. This shows that there is a clear difference between the nature of inflation in Iran and industrialized countries. Therefore it is recommended that in Iran for Control inflation Inflationary monetary policy to be used by governments.