Journal of Inflammatory Diseases
Year:2009 | Volume:13 | Issue:3 (52)|Papers Count:18

Background: Long time course of orthodontic treatment is considered as one of the major problems causing a decrease in patients’ compliance.This problem is related to the rate of tooth movement during treatment. One of the newest approved methods that affect the bone remodeling and tooth movement is the low-level laser irradiation.Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser irradiation on tooth movement following the separator placement.Methods: This experimental clinical trial was carried out in dental clinics of Mashhad University during 2006-2007. A total of 30 orthodontic patients participated in this study. On the first day, the separators were placed between the 5th, 6th and the 7th teeth.Later, the low-level laser irradiation was applied to one half of each jaw for 5 days while the other half was left as control. The sides of the laser irradiation were selected, randomly. On the 6th day, the impression was taken from both arches and the distance between the teeth were measured by a leaf-like gauge. The data were statistically analyzed using paired t-test.Findings: The mean amount of the tooth movement in laser irradiated side in maxilla was 0.55±0.19 mm and in the opposite side 0.50±0.21 mm, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p=0.031). This finding in mandible was 0.048±0.21 mm in laser irradiated side and 0.48±0.24 mm in the other side however, the difference was insignificant, statistically (p=0.86). Comparatively, the measurement of both jaws in the laser-irradiated side was 0.52±0.20 mm while it was 0.49±0.22 mm in the opposite side with no significant difference between two groups.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the low-level laser irradiation can accelerate the tooth movement in maxilla more than that in mandible, but the difference between the mean amount of the total tooth movement in laser irradiated side and the control side was statistically insignificant.

Nowadays, taking lateral cephalograms in natural head position is recommended however, the radiographic norms vary in different populations. Performance of cephalometric analysis has become much easier and more accurate using computer software.Objective: The aim of present study was to program software for Mesh analysis and constructing two normal Mesh templates for cities of Qazvin and Mashhad.Methods: This was a descriptive study in which the Mesh analysis software was programmed by means of Microsoft visual C++based on Windows XP using My-SQL as database. The samples were NHP cephalograms from 11 to 13 years old adolescence with normal occlusion including 37 (21 girls and16 boys) in the city of Qazvin and 65 (32 girls and 33 boys) in the city of Mashhad.The cephalograms were scanned and 4 Mesh templates constructed for each gender in each of two cities using Moorees method. The dimensions of each of the 34 landmarks of each template were statistically compared with each other by means of t- test in both boys and girls, separately.Findings: Among girls, 38 measures out of 68 (17 width and 21 height) and in boys 20 measures out of 68 (8 width and 12 height) indicated significant statistical differences between two cities.Conclusion: In addition to sex, age, and the dimensions of SN and N-ANS, the ethnical origin of patients should be considered when dentoskeletal analysis of abnormalities is performed.

Background: Polymerization shrinkage is one of the most common causes of microleakage in packable composites. Various .methods are recommended to reduce polymerization shrinkage and the application of flowable composites is one of these methods.Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of flowable composite on theMicro leakage of packable resin composite in class II cavities.Methods: This experimental study was performed at Dental School of Shahid Sadoughi University, Yazd (Iran) in 2006. On 32 recently extracted upper premolar teeth, the mesial and distal class II cavities with the same dimensions were created. The teeth were randomly assigned into two groups: the distal surfaces of the first group were restored with P60 while in the other group restoration was accomplished with Solitaire resin composite. The mesial aspects of the teeth were filled with Filtekflow flowable composite and other composites mentioned above. After thermocycling, the samples were soaked in 2% methylene blue solution followed by sectioning in mesiodistal direction. The degree of micro leakage was evaluated by stereomicroscope with 25x magnification.Data were subjected to the chi-square and Exact tests, statistically.Findings: The flowable composite failed to reduce the degree of micro leakage in axial wall and gingival floors (p>0.05).Conclusion: The application of flowable resin composite caused no effect on microleakage of class II packable resin composite restorations.

Background: Endodontic ally treated teeth are weaker than vital teeth and more prone to fracture.One of the special considerations in their restoration is the application of ferrule preparation.Objective: Evaluating the effect of ferrule and its length on fracture resistance of maxillary central incisors with cast post-core and PFM (porcelain fused to metal) crowns.Methods: This was an experimental study in which 30 extracted intact maxillary central incisors with similar dimensions were selected and randomly classified into three groups. Initially, the roots of teeth were treated after crown reduction and later, while considering the simulation of orthodontic ally crown lengthening, the teeth were fixed in acrylic blocks followed by making cast post and cores and luted with zinc phosphate cement. In first group (control group), ferrule wasn't prepared but in second and the third groups one millimeter and two millimeters ferrule were prepared, respectively. Later, PFM crowns were made for all specimens and luted with Zinc Phosphate cement. Finally, the specimens were loaded under compressive static loading by Zwick testing machine, using a crosshead speed of 2.5 millimeter per minute with an angle of 135 degrees to the long axis from palatal aspect to fracture. The primary failure loads were recorded as fracture resistance in Newton. Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis at a significant level of5.Findings: The average and standard deviation of fracture resistance in first group (without ferrule) was 581.37±141.12 N, in second group (with one millimeter ferrule) 606.37±114.38 N, and in third group (with two Millimeters ferrule) 569.44±61.69. No significant difference between three groups was found, statistically (p>0.05).Conclusion: Preparing one millimeter ferrule and increasing its length to two millimeters- while orthodontic ally crown lengthening is required- makes no significant effect on fracture resistance of maxillary central incisors with cast post-core and PFM crowns.

Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is the most common oral disease yet despite its high prevalence, the etiological factor (s) of this ulcer is not fully understood.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of ferritin, iron, and TIBC in patients with RAS.Methods: This case-control study was performed on 40 patients with RAS and 40 healthy people (control group). They were screened through laboratory tests for the indices mentioned above. The data was analyzed by SPSS, chi-square and t-tests.Findings: Of 40 patients, 25.6% were found with ferritin deficiency compared to 7.5% of control group (p<0.05) however, no significant difference for other indices were observed.Conclusion: Low ferritin level in patients with RAS is suggesting a relation between RAS and ferritin deficiency.

Background: Children with congenital heart diseases require special dental treatment and care compared to ordinary healthy patients. Therefore, awareness of such specific needs is essential for both the patients and their families.Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the health status of molar teeth and periodontium in children with congenital heart diseases and evaluating the awareness of parents about their children's specific dental care.Methods: A complete dental and oral examination was carried out on 32 children aged 7 to 11 with congenital heart disease followed by assessing the parent's awareness over their children's specific dental care using a questionnaire.Findings: From108 perm anent molars, 14.8% were with caries and 34.3% with enamel defect.Complete examination of 226 deciduous molars was also indicative of decay and enamel defect in 45.6% and 3.5%, respectively. Of all patients studied, 40.62% were found to have gingivitis and 18.7% with dental abscess. Regarding the parent's awareness, only 56% of children were revealed to have a previous history of visiting a dentist, and 68.7% of parents were aware of their children's specific needs for antibiotic prophylaxis.Conclusion: Considering the data obtained in our study, the children were found to have unfavorable dental conditions. Hence, such children require to be visited by a dentist on a regular basis and at the same time provided by necessary information on preventive dental care, treatment and oral hygiene.

Background: IOTN index has been used in different countries for assessment of orthodontic treatment needs in recent years. This index has two components, an aesthetic component (AC) and a dental health component (DHC).Objective: The aim of this study was assessment of orthodontic needs on the basis of IOTN index in those people who had come for orthodontic treatment.Methods: We used IOTN index in order to assess the orthodontic treatment needs of 343 applicants (262 females and 81 males) with a mean age of 18.1 (standard deviation 3.8 years). Who had come for treatment during a certain period of time (8 months) For determining the AC we used a set of 10 pictures graded on the basis of aesthetical features of teeth. The DHC Component of Index that has five degrees was determined bases on study casts with standard preparation. If necessary and for more accuracy panoramic radiographies of patients were also used. The analysis of the obtained data was performed using Kappa, Chi-square and Spearman's tests.Findings: The results with determination of subjective needs on the basis of AC by patient's perceived need indicate a lock of significant relation between gender and the patients ' perceived need for AC ( p<0.05). Most of these patients had determined their AC to be between grades 1-4, the results of AC determination through normative need assessment were the same as the results of perceived need Assessment. Which in case of DHC determination it was revealed that most subjects had a grade between 4 and 5, and there was, a significant relation between DHC and type of malocclusion (p>0.05).Conclusion: Subjective data of IOTN index alone cannot be considered an appropriate indicator of orthodontic treatment needs determination.

Background: Major b-thalassemia is the most common monogenic known disorder in Iran affecting about 25000 persons.Objective: This study was performed to evaluate occlusal abnormalities and face changes in major b-thalassemic patients.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed on 281 (162 males, 119 females) patients attending to the thalassemia center of Zahedan over a time period between May to September, 2006.All patients were evaluated for occlusal abnormality and face changes. Data were collected through questionnaires (general, dental, medical) and clinical examinations and further analyzed by chi square test.Findings: Occlusal abnormalities included open bite (3.6%), deep bite (22.4%), cross bite (5.7%), crowding (29.5%), and spacing (15.7%). Face changes resulting from major b-thalassemia were: saddle nose (60.1 %), bimaxillary protrusion (25.6%), and rodent face (34.8%). There was no significant difference between the prevalence of occlusal abnormalities and face changes in both genders. Most patients (85%) were in the first and second decade of life. The prevalence of occlusal abnormalities and face changes increased with age. The common type of occlusion in studied population was class I, II, III. Early diagnosis and blood transfusion caused a decrease in prevalence of complications.Conclusion: Based on the results of present study, early diagnosis and treatment leads to lower prevalence rate of complication, occlusal abnormalities, and face changes. Attempts should be made to increase the general knowledge of parents over the children's oral health.

Background: One of the important findings in panoramic radiology is the detection of a calcified plaque in the carotid artery therefore the dentist may be the first health care practitioner to detect a life-threatening illness.Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the panoramic radiographs with Doppler ultrasound for detection of carotid artery calcification in patient with end stage disease.Methods: Thirty-eight adult patients with renal disease were referred for Doppler ultrasound examination for the detection of carotid artery calcification. Later, the panoramic radiographs of these patients were evaluated by two radiologists for the detection of calcification around the carotid bifurcation. Data of panoramic radiography and Doppler ultrasound were analyzed by SPSS using Cohen kappa analysis and chi-squared test.Findings: Accuracy, sensitivity, and the specificity of panoramic radiographs were 75.6%, 70.1%, and 77.2%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the panoramic radiology and Doppler ultrasound results with moderate agreement (p<0.05, k=0.490). Inter observer reliability in panoramic technique was shown to be excellent (kappa=0.890).Conclusion: All panoramic radiographs made for evaluation of oral structures, should be carefully screened for detection of carotid artery calcification, particularly radiographs of high risk patients.

Background: The root canal morphology of teeth is often extremely complex. Of particular interest is the complexity of mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root canal configuration of maxillary first permanent molar in a part of population of Qazvin.Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 114 extracted maxillary first permanent molar were collected from different dental clinics in Qazvin. The crowns of all specimens were sectioned from the CEJ. The teeth with depressions on their mesiobuccal roots and with two separate orifices and two apical foramens were selected. On these specimens, the length of mesiobuccal roots in buccal and palatal aspects, the length of mesiobuccal and mesiopalatal canals, and the maximum mesiodistal width (in three parts: midroot, 1 millimeter apical and coronal to the midroot) of buccal and palatal aspects of mesiobuccal root were measured using a micrometer. Indian ink was injected into the pulp system of all mesiobuccal roots. The specimens were rendered clear by demineralization, dehydration, and immersion in methyl salicylate. The evaluation of root canal system was based on Vertucci's classification. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 12 and T test.Findings: The mean length of mesiobuccal roots in buccal and palatal aspects and the mean length of mesiobuccal and mesiopalatal canals were 14.30, 13.34, 14.84, and 14.09, respectively.Statistically, there was a significant difference in length between the buccal and palatal aspects (p<0.000).Also, the mean mesiodistal width of midroot, 1 millimeter apical and coronal to the midroot, in buccal and palatal aspects of mesiobuccal root were 3.09, 3, 3.26, 2.24, 2.11, and 2.31 millimeters, respectively. Similarly, a statistically significant difference in width between the buccal and palatal aspects was found, (p<0.000).Based on Vertucci's classification, the mesiobuccal root canal anatomical system consisted of 21.9% as type 1, 58.8% type II, 0.8% type III, 21% type IV, 2.6% type V, and 2.6% type VI.Conclusion: Based on data found in our study, a considerable variety of root canal configurations were found in mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars. The mesiobuccal root often contains a double root canal system.

Background: Considering the crucial role of the first permanent molar on chewing and the establishment of eating as well as preservation of vertical height and face appearance, the prevention and timely diagnosis of decay is of prime importance.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical parameters associated with dental caries in first permanent molars of children between 7-11 years old.Methods: The present work was a cross-sectional analytical study carried out on 100 children referred to Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Qazvin School of Dentistry in 2007. Following clinical examinations, the plaque index indicators, visible plaque over the surface of occlusal for the fir s t permanent molar, dmft, DMFT, and the white spot as well as the decay of the first permanent molar were recorded.In addition, a questionnaire including personal information, nutritional habits and the child ' s mouth health was completed by their parents.Findings: Based on our data, there was a relationship between the occlusal deca y of the first permanent molar tooth and the indices including the dmft, DMFT, and consumption of sugar rich refreshments more than twice a da y was found to be statistically significant with p values of 0.022, 0.0002, and 0.026, respectively.Conclusion: Considering the high dmft, DMFT, visible plaque over the occlusal surface of the first permanent molar tooth, irregular tooth brushing as well as consumption of high sugar content refreshments more than twice a day that increases the risk of decay in first permanent molar tooth, more careful and scrupulous clinical examinations are recommended.

Background: For dental treatment of the children who do not cooperate with the dentist, the use of behavior management techniques is inevitable. Behavior management techniques are the means by which the dental health team effectively performs treatment for the child and at the same time, instills a positive dental attitude.Objective: Determining the behavior management technique's acceptance of mothers referred to the department of pediatric dentistry in Qazvin (2007).Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which a film including 4 different behavior management techniques marked as: general anesthesia (GA), parents' separation (PS), hand-over- mouth (HOM), and voice control (VC) was produced. Before showing each technique, a brief explanation over the technique's characteristics, method, and the objective was given by a pedodontist in the film. A total of 50 mothers who were referred to the pediatric dentistry department of Qazvin University watched the film and later filled out a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS.Findings: Mothers' acceptance of P.S was 100%, V.C 92%, HOM 50%, and G.A 30%. There was a statistically significant relationship between the acceptance of voice control and child's order, child's age, and the number of children. Also, a significant relationship between the acceptance of general anesthesia and the child's order and mother's education was found.Conclusion: According to our data, the parents' separation and general anesthesia are the most and the least accepted technique, respectively.

Background: Dental canes IS one of the most common infectious diseases and is high in developing countries such as Iran. Children who develop dental caries in young age are at higher rislof further decay in old ages.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of dental caries in 3-7 years old children.Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytic study performed on 200 children aged 3-7 year old and referred to pediatric clinics. Detection of dental caries was accomplished by optic tactile methods using sound and mirror and further evaluation of the objective variables through a questionnaire. Data were evaluated by SPSS version 13 and univariate analysis.Findings: According to the data found in our study, the prevalence of dental caries was 63.5% and of dmf 2.32±2.56. There was a positive correlation between the prevalence of dental caries and age of children, night feeding after 1 year old, frequency of sweet feeding during the day, mother age, mother education, and socioeconomic status.Conclusion: Dental caries is not only a general health problem but also a social problem as it is associated with family income and education. Targeted programs regarding the childhood nutrition, family education and family support over the dental care are important in prevention of dental diseases.

Background: Dentistry systems should meet criteria of infection controls. Higher compatibility will result in more desirable system situation.Objective: To determine the conformation rates of governmental dentistry centers located in south and southwest of Tehran with desirable criteria for infection control and the affecting factors.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study performed on 74 governmental dentistry centers in south and south west of Tehran province in 2004. Achecklist including 10 axes was used to investigate 141 identities for their conformity to meet infectious control criteria via direct observation.Following the analysis of data by SPSS-Vll.5 and the application of t-test and Chi square test, the situation of centers were placed into three rankings as follows: Under expected (£50%), Medium (50-75%), and desirable (>75%). Their desirable degree was tested by 10 presumptive effective factors.Findings: Among 74 investigated centers in the study, 40 centers were located in the south of Tehran, 24 in Shahr-e-Rey, and 10 in Islamshahr with a mean conformation to desirable criteria of 56.3, 52.5, and 60.1 %, respectively.Collectively, 12 centers (16.2%) were placed in under expected, 60 centers (81.1%) in medium, and 2 centers (2.7%) in desirable ranking. Availability of dentists with specialty, being a member of academic staff, and the presence of dental clinic in university hospital s were found to produce a significant impact towards the desirability, statistically (p<0.05).Conclusion: According to our findings, monitoring and solving the problems of centers with under expectable limit to meet the desirable criteria is suggested.

Traumatic tooth loss or congenital missing is frequently encountered in children. Removable prosthesis is often the treatment of choice but it may lead to increased caries, residual alveolar resorption and periodontal problems. The implant benefits in retention, stability, esthetic, and mastication have been proved. The concerns about implants placement for the patients in this age are related to jaw growth. The aim of this paper was to review the growth of the jaws and determination of skeletal maturity and to discuss the indications for placement of implant in a growing child, which are based on not only growth but also the numbers and locations of the missing teeth in each jaw. The literature review was performed through, Science direct, Blackwell Synergy, Embase, Pubmed and Scholar Google for the references published between 1970-2008.Also, the related English references were taken into consideration.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutrition & individual factors and caries of the first permanent molar in primary school age children. The current study was a descriptive cross sectional investigation using a randomized cluster sampling in which 450 primary school goers in two cities of Aran and Bidgol (Kashan, Iran) were examined. Data collection was accomplished using a questionnaire plus clinical examination. Parents were mostly illiterate individuals. Caries were found mostly in the first permanent molar of mandible jaw rather than in the first permanent molar of maxilla. Our data showed that 52.1% of the first permanent molar in maxilla was healthy while the percentage of the first permanent molar in mandible with caries was 28.4%. Totally, 18.9% of cases were shown to have healthy molar teeth and the rest (81.1%) with caries in one or more molar teeth. Additionally, a significant correlation between the occurrence of caries and the frequency of brushing and hygienic status of primary school age children was established, statistically (p=0.001). Meanwhile, the results of this investigation showed that the decay of the first permanent molar was associated with the frequency of brushing, students' hygienic status, and the type of jaws while no relationship with parents' education level, gender, geographic location, and nutrition was demonstrated.

This descriptive study was aimed at assessing the dental office sign of general dentists and compliance with the general standards and criteria. A total of 73 signs from clinics of general dentists in the city of Qazvin (Iran) were examined in 2009. Of 73 signs, 5.47% showed the title of "general dentist", 43.83% displaying the practice of a dental specialty such as surgery, dental prosthesis, pediatric dentistry, and 20.54% demonstrating the practice of four different dental specialties. There was no sign showing the logo of the Iranian Medical Council. However, 97% of the signs were within the standard size of 50x70 cm and 89% with a white background. It seems that the lack of public awareness over the availability of different dental specialties and the distinction between the dental specialists and general dentists, to be among the reasons encouraging the dental practitioners to avoid including the title of "general dentist" on their dental clinics' signs.