Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal
Year:2019 | Volume:28 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:18

8-week feeding trial was conducted for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to determine the optimal amount of Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) that could replace fishmeal in feeds without reducing growth performance, hematological indices and non-specific immune responses. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with TM replacing 0% (Control), 25% (TM25), 50% (TM50), 75% (TM75) and 100% (TM100) fishmeal respectively. Each diet was randomly divided into triplicate groups with 20 juveniles (initial weight 10± 0. 5 g). At the end of the experiment, the mean of the final weight of the fish fed diets with control (41. 7± 0. 7) and diet containing 25% TM powder (43. 1± 2. 1) was significantly higher than other treatments (p<0. 05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in control (0. 76± 0. 1) which had a significant difference compared to TM75 (0. 93± 0. 06) (p<0. 05). Weight gain (WG) was affected by dietary TM inclusion and decreased with increasing TM. Red blood cells was not affected by treatment, while hemoglobin content and hematocrit decreased with increasing TM inclusion levels (p<0. 05). Plasma complement activity, the IgM level and cortisol were not affected by dietary TM. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on plasma glucose and triglyceride of fish compared to the control (p<0. 05). Plasma total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly affected by dietary TM (p<0. 05). Plasma cortisol levels and alternative complement (ACH50) pathway activity did not show any significant difference among treatments (p>0. 05). According to a broken-line model, the recommended substituted ratio of TM for fish meal was estimated to be 25% for rainbow trout obtaining maximum weight gain.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Artemisia annua extract on the hematological and blood serum indexes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish with average initial weight (90. 32± 1. 12) were fed diets supplemented with graded levels 0, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 % of extract (T1, T2, T3 and T4) for 60 days. At the end of this period, The results showed that growth rate increased significantly (P<0. 05) in fish fed diet containing plant extract in T3 (143. 70± 10. 62 g) compared with the control (130. 63± 5. 99 g). Results indicated that RBC, Hb and MCHC were higher in fish fed diets containing A. annua compared with the control. WBC, PCV and MCH had no significant change (P>0. 05) in experiment groups compared with the control. Serum biochemical parameters showed that glucose levels were significantly increased in extract fed treatments. There was no significant difference in albumin levels between experimental treatments. The results of liver enzymes showed that fish fed diets had no significant difference (P>0. 05) in activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared with control. The addition of A. annua extract in the diet of common carp compared to control can be an acceptable effect on fish health status, but does not affect the liver enzymes.

Fucoidan, a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide that contains fucose and sulfate groups which found in the cellular wall of brown algae which in this study, the effects of its various levels on the non-specific immune response, blood biochemical factors and antibacterial activity of serum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with mean weight of 74. 8 ± 70 g for 8 weeks were investigated. The treatments consisted of 0 (control), 0. 1, 0. 5, 1 and 2% of fucoidan per kg of diet in the form of five treatments, three replications were performed in 100 liters tanks. Based on the findings of this study, there were no significant different among different groups of RBC indices such as RBC, HB, HCT, MCV, MCHC and MCH (p> 0. 05), while the number of WBC was significantly different among different groups (p<0. 05). TP, HDL-C, LDL-C were significantly affected by diets containing fucoidan (p<0. 05). There was no significant difference in the level of glucose between treatments (p>0. 05). The serum lysozyme (LZM) activities, Complement system, C3 and C4 had a significant effect on different treatments (p<0. 05). The highest and lowest activity of lysozyme, total Complement system (ACH50), and the level of C4 and C3 proteins, were observed in treatment /1 F diet and control, respectively. Antibacterial activity of serum was significantly different in control group with experimental groups (p<0. 05). The highest and lowest levels of antibacterial serum were observed in 0. 1 F diet and 2, respectively. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that fucoidan stimulates the innate immune system of rainbow trout.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in diet for Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) in a randomized design with three treatments in triplicates using 9 aquarium for 9 weeks. Twenty pieces of Oscar fish with average weight 3. 6± 0. 5 g were stocked in each replication. The earthworm meal (as fed) at the levels of 0, 50 and 100% was replaced with Biomar diet in Oscar fish diet. Fish were fed with experiential diets included: 1-Biomar 2-Mixture of Biomar and earthworm meal with equal ratio 3-Earthworm meal. Daily food intake calculated by the weight of fish (3% of body weight) and fish were fed 3 times a day. Physical and chemical properties of water, such as temperature (28. 2 C± 0. 5), oxygen (7. 8ppm± 0. 2) and pH (8. 1± 0. 11), were control. At the end of study growth performance, feed utility and survival rates were measured. The highest body weight increase (173. 2% (gr)± 0. 23), specific growth rate (2. 02 (%)± 0. 26), average daily growth (17. 4 (%)± 3. 15), protein efficiency ratio (1. 85 (%)± 0. 16) and least feed conversion ratio (0. 99 (%)± 0. 05) observed in Biomar treatment (p<0. 05). But greatest survival ratio observed in diet contained earthworm powder. The results assessment showed that neither 50% nor 100% worm meal could not supply Oscar fish nutritional requirements.

In this research, the effect of organic fertilizers was studied on the growth performance of carps fry. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replications in 300 liters of tanks within 3 months. 60 pieces of fish fry with an average weight of 0. 6 ± 0. 05 g were randomly storage in each tank per 0. 5: 1. 5: 2: 6 (respectively, 5%, 15%, 20% and 60% respectively big head, grass carp, common carp, silver carp). Seven treatments were included control (C), vermicompost of 1 kg/m3 (T1), vermicompost fertilizer 1. 5 kg/m3 (T2), compost fertilizer 1 kg/m3 (T3), compost fertilizer 1. 5 kg/m3 (T4), cow manure 1 kg/m3 (T5), chicken manure 0. 6 kg/m3 (T6) used in 3 replicates. Primary production, plankton and water quality parameters (temperature, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen-ammonium and phosphate) were measured weekly or twice weekly. At the end of the experiment period, the growth indices were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton and zooplankton was observed in T1 treatment and the lowest in control group (p<0. 05). The highest amount of benthos was observed in T6 treatment compared to other group. Based on the results, the best growth performance was observed in T1 treatment, except to T6 treatment with other treatments (p<0. 05). Overall, the results of this study suggest that vermicompost application of 1 kg/m3 can improve the quality parameters of water, plankton and performance of Carps fry.

Zooplanktons have an important role in food chain of the aquatic ecosystems, which acts as a food chain link between producers (phytoplankton) and higher nutritional levels. The purpose of this research was to identify and study the zooplankton density in the southeastern basin of the Caspian Sea (Gorgan Bay). Sampling was performed seasonally and samples were collected by zooplankton net (36 cm and mesh size of 100μ m) with three replications from three areas including: pan-cultures, Ashooradeh pier and entrance of sea water to the Bay. In this study, zooplankton groups belong to 16 species of 6 phylum were identified containing: Copepoda, Rotatoria, Protozoa, intermediate zooplankton (zoobenthose) and a group including other zooplankton groups. The mean Shannon diversity index during sampling time was 1. 57± 0. 26, Margalef species richness index was 1. 83± 0. 43, and for the uniformity index was 0. 69± 0. 12. The lowest Shannon Diversity Index was 1. 12 in the autumn station 6 was considered due to human activity, commuting boats (tourists and fish hunting), and the oil pollutants in this region, and the highest Margalef index was 2. 76 in the spring station 2 and the Pielou's evenness index was highest for the winter at station 5 (0. 92). Cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed the similarity of stations with each other based on abundance distribution of species in two distinct groups. Finding of research could play an important role in environmental protection in the Gorgan Bay.

The aim of this study was to prepare rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) visceral protein hydrolysate (VPH), determine the peptide molecular weight and using rainbow trout visceral protein hydrolysate in diet of rainbow trout juvenile to investigate its effects on some hematological and blood serum biochemical parameters. The viscera of rainbow trout were hydrolyzed by alcalase enzyme and Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysate was obtained 85± 1. 6 %. The protein hydrolysate was used for the second phase of the experiment. For this purpose, four diets were prepared including VPH free as the control and three diets with 0. 5, 1, and 2 percent VPH inclusions. Juvenile rainbow trout (n = 252; 9. 74 ± 0. 22 g) were randomly distributed in the treatments (with three replicates) and fed with the prepared diets based on satiation, 3 times a day for 60 days. Peptide polecular weight ranged from 700 D to 2 KD. Final evaluated parameters were hematological (RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC), serum biochemical (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol and triglyseride) indices and lysosyme. Increasing the VPH up to 2 % caused to increase hemoglobin (P<0. 05). RBC and WBC showed no significant differences among treatments (P>0. 05). The lowest hematocrit was observed in 1 % treatment (P<0. 05). The highest amounts of albumin and cholesterol were observed in 2 % treatment and the highest amount triglyseride and the lowest amount of glucose were observed in control group (P<0. 05). All VPH-containing treatments had higher amount Lysosyme activity than control as such with inceasing VPH up to 2 % coused to increase the lysosyme activity and the lowest amount of that was observed in control (P<0. 05). The results indicate that a diet containing 2 % of VPH cause to affect on some mentioned haemetological and serum biochemical parameters and could improve immunity in in juvenile rainbow trout.

The purpose of this study was evaluation of export performance of Iranian caviar and identification of its affecting factors. Therefore, this study has examined the impact of variables like ability of strategic sustainability management, the measure of export market-oriented and export flexibility taking into consideration of environmental differences between internal and external market on export performance of Iran's caviar. Current research with the view to objective is applied research and with a view to data collection is descriptive research and Statistical population of this study to include all managers of exporting firms Caviar exporting companies in Iran. Cronbach's alpha was 0. 9 which indicates that the reliability of the questionnaire is appropriate. Connection between research variable has been investigated through path analysis in LISREL Version 8. 8 software. The consequence of this study shows that strategic sustainability management has the most impact on Caviar export performance of Iran. After that parameters of export flexibility, export market-oriented behavior finally dynamic of market have significant and positive impact on export performance.

In the present study, the primary cell lines were derived from caudal fin explants of the Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum), using two treatments (tissue culturing without enzyme and after trypsin treatment). For this purpose, pieces of caudal fin tissue (1 millimeter cubic) were isolated from 10 healthy young fish with an average weight of 12± 1 g and a mean length of 11± 1cm in sterile condition then were explanted in L-15 medium (Leibovitz L-15) with fetal bovine serum (10 and 20%) and penicillin-streptomycyne at pH 6. 8 and 7. 2 and kept at 21 and 24 ° C. From the second day, a mixture of various cell types was observed and attached to the cell culture flask, but the uniform cell layer consist of cells with heterogeneous epithelial morphology and fibroblast-like were appeared after 12 to 14 days. Subculture was performed using trypsin enzyme. In subcultures, a single cell layer consists of cells with homogeneous epithelial morphology was formed. So far, these cells have been passaged for 21 times. Results indicate the possibility of producing a permanent cell line from the fin tissue of Rutilus frisii kutum.

Four components were used to identification the effective physical-chemical factors of water on the variations of dominant fish families. The total variation of the variables was concluded 94/17 % and 90/5%, related to the loaded components in artificial reefs of Bandar-E-Salakh and Bandar-E-Bostaneh respectively. Assessment of the loaded factors in each of the components were identified that nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and chlorophyll a factors with positive load and temperature and salinity with negative factor load as the most important factors affecting the demographic changes of some fish families. Temperature, pH, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were diagnosed parameters for water quality in two areas based on PCA results. The results of this study showed that nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and chlorophyll a) had great influence on structure of fish in artificial reefs, that together with the physical-chemical parameters of water to impact on the chain and food web of fish and fauna of these ecosystems, ultimately.

The quality of the oil extracted from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) wastes was evaluated using bioactive compounds of the plant thyme (Zataria multiflora). Three treatments were in this research: 1-Samples without extract or essence (control), 2-Samples with concentrations of 600 and 1200 ppm of extract and 3-Samples with concentrations of 600 and 1200 ppm of essence. The oil samples entered in test tubes which rapped in aluminum sheets and incubated in 50° C and analyzed on days 0, 3, 6 and 9. The results showed that chemical analysis of oils extracted from rainbow trout wastes including peroxide and non-enzymatic browning were lowest in 1200ppm of essence on day 9 of storage period while some other quantitative indices including thiobabrbitoric acid, free fatty acids and anisidine value were lowest in 600ppm of extract and essence on day 9. Comparing quantitative parameters in control and other treatments showed that almost all indices were higher in control indicating the antioxidant activity of the extract and essence of the plant they in reducing oxidative spoilage rate and increasing the shelf life of the oils.

In order to study the capability of microalgea Chlorella vulgaris in removal of nitrate and phosphate from water, the effects of initial concentration of nitrate and phosphate and photoperiod were investigated in 20 experiments proposed by response surface methodology. The most effective factors in nitrate removal include initial nitrate concentration, photoperiod and interaction of phosphate-photoperiod. Highest capability of nitrate removal (49. 42%) achieved at the initial nitrate concentration of 1500 mg/l, initial phosphate concentration of 40 mg/l and under 16h of photoperiod. Initial concentration of phosphate, photoperiod and interaction of nitrate-phosphate and phosphate-photoperiod were the main factors affecting phosphate capability of algea. Highest capability of nitrate removal (41. 61%) achieved at the initial nitrate concentration of 2250 mg/l, initial phosphate concentration of 60 mg/l and under 24h of photoperiod.

The aims of present study were to investigate the effects of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ) and Hypericum perforatum extracts on immune indices and antioxidant enzymes activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this purpose, 720 fish with an average weight of 100± 5 g were randomly allocated to four distinct treatments including: a control group, 3% chicory extract, 3% extract of H. perforatum and combined treatment containing 1. 5% chicory extract and 1. 5% extract of )H. perforatum). The experiments lasted for 12 weeks. Immune parameters including lysozyme, alternative complement activity and total immunoglobulin content of serum along with the activity of antioxidant enzymes namely catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured. Our results showed that dietary supplementation of 3% chicory extract significantly increased total immunoglobulin and lysozyme enzyme activity compared to the control group (p<0. 05). The highest level of alternative complement activity was observed in simultaneous supplementation of 1. 5% chicory and 1. 5% H. perforatum extract (p<0. 05). Also, single and combined dietary inclusion of both herbal extracts resulted in increased SOD and GPX enzymes activity in comparison to control group received diet devoid of any herbal extract (p<0. 05). In addition, the highest and lowest activity of catalase was observed in the control group and 3% H. perforatum, respectively (p<0. 05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 3% Chicory extract would improve the immune indices and including 3% H. perforatum extract increased the antioxidant enzymes activity of rainbow trout.

Water resources such as wetlands, in addition to their economic and social importance, are ecologically valuable sources of aquaculture production. Due to its effects on aquatic environments, necessity of monitoring and awareness of the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a is important for environmental studies. In the new approach to such studies, application of spatial statistics has a special place. This study aims were to monitor the status of chlorophyll-a content in Choghakhor international wetland using spatial statistics and hot spots index based on remote sensing. For this purpose, satellite data of chlorophyll-a were prepared from Landsat 8 in 2017 and then analyzed using global and local spatial Moran of spatial statistics techniques. The results of global Moran showed strong correlation and data cluster distribution, which was the strongest in the spring and weakest attachment in the autumn. The results of local Moran showed a high number of highdwarf clusters (levels of chlorophyll-a) in spring compared to autumn. This was more pronounced around the wetland, especially in the western and southern regions, which could be attributed to concentrated activities in these areas. Also, the impact and role of climatic and environmental factors around the wetland could be significant. Overall, the results of this study showed the efficiency of this statistic in identification of critical points and the appropriate separation based on the principles of spatial statistics and can serve as a model for other ecological parameters in other water resources.

Ceratium hirundinella is considered as a biological indicator in the environmental and climate changes. In the summer of 2018, the presence of Ceratium hirundinella reported in the Iranian region of the Caspian Sea. So the present study conducted to survey trend of Ceratium hirundinella fluctuations in the Iranian basin of the Caspian Sea during the last 3 decay. The study showed that in the winter of 1995, Ceratium contained very little percentage of phytoplankton density. In the summer of 2013, contribution of the species in dinoflagellates and total phytoplankton biomass reported 34 and 31% respectively. The percentage of Ceratium participation in phytoplankton biomass increased to 70% in summer of 2018. The study also showed that the increasing of water temperature and pH coincided to the Ceratium presence recorded, compared to the same time in the study area. Meanwhile, the trophic state changed from oligotrophic to mesotrophic condition. The annual changes of ceratium (presence and abundance) in the phytoplankton composition may be a response to increase of the regional warming and anthropogenic activity. The Ceratium bloom affects the feeding of planktivore organisms and causes water oxygen decreasing, which it led to fishes killing. Recently, the tendency of aquaculture has been increased in the Caspian Sea, so the monitoring and control methods of Ceratium hirundinella should be considered in the area.

In this paper systematics of the gastropods of the Quaternary deposits were studied in the Caspian Sea in an exploration well in the northern city of Aq Qala in Golestan province. In this subsurface studied, total thickness of Quaternary deposits is 2585m. A Total of 11 species, 8 genera of 5 families of gastropods are reported. The identified gastropods show that since the beginning of the Quaternary the contents of these gastropods in the Caspian Sea have been adapted to sea level fluctuations.