Literary Research
Year:2005 | Volume:2 | Issue:6|Papers Count:9

The stream of consciousness stories are called sometimes as time stories, due to its special approach toward the concept of time. In such stories, present and future times are removed in order to present a revelation from the present time. In such situation, time continuous sequences are replaced by intensive interlinked memories systematized not only based on the time sequentional but based on the depth of the experience. In these stories past, present and future times are also interlinked. The writers of stream of consciousness approached to various types of skills for reflecting the human mind and its adjustment with time. Final return to time, continual change of narration between past, present and future time, long narration from past in form of the whiles limited to present time, continual change of the narration of the story between the persons mind layers of difference and so internal and external time or clock time and mind time, exploiting the reverberations integrating past and present time, unflavored use of verb tense act, are the methods applied to show the various considerations of minds upon the time concept. In this paper when the most important west stream of consciousness stories are studied from the view point of the way for time concept use, it is tried to study the various writers’ special approaches in this regard and then they are compared. Finally, some Persian novels are studied from this view points.

This article presents the characteristics of the postmodern fiction. The examples of these characteristics are found in a variety of Persian novels, long and short stories, although sometimes the foreign stories have been quoted as well. The main concern of the article is the manner of the arrival and presence of postmodern characteristics, postmodern theories and mechanisms in short story and novel. This matter has been categorized into three headlines:I-Expressing the theory in text through establishment of the theoretical story; 2-Applicating the theory on the surface of the text;3-Applicating the theory on the deep structure of the story which is the highest achievements of postmodern art;A theory revive in fiction; for example, non-obedience of the character from the author shows the death of author idea in the deep structure of the fiction.

Vladimir Propp, the Russian folklore expert, suggested that natural sciences study styles should be used in ordinary stories. He believed that classification of stories is the result of many researches at the end of studies but, most of the scholars traditionally classify the subjects and include the working materials in the form of such imposed classification. Propp himself studied the morphology of one hundred of the Russian tales collected by Afanasyof. He discovered that all the available works in tales are limited to 31 functions. He thought that type of the tale, which should be discovered, is covered under the disordered appearance of the standards ruling on the tales. It is regarded as the first founding of narratives. He determined a symbol for each of these functions and by putting them together, finalized them and reached the wonder tales.Use of modern methodology criticism in classic literature always faces difficulties. This research is an attempt to examine this model in comparative literature. The material used for this study includes a tales of the "Arabian Nights" covering the main story and also three other ones. In analyzing this anecdote not only the Propps methodological symbols are used but, other symbols have been used as required and finally morphology model of the story are presented. Applying this method which is regarded as a test for morphology, can separate the annexed tales from the main ones based on the reached structural model.

This article, beginning with a fundamental question on the possibility of assessing the standardization degree of languages, intends to make clear the concept of language standardization degree and to extract objective criteria for such an assessment. Taking these criteria into consideration, a theoretical framework suggested by Fargosen and also standard language criteria and with due regard to it, the presented framework and standard in Persian language are studied from macro point of view. The suggested criteria in this framework are of four types: A) the criteria concerning the language use style and its extension; B) the criteria concerning the level of flexibility and strictness in creation and establishing a language; C) the criteria concerning the standard language situation in the society; D) the criteria concerning the acceptance of a language by people. The conclusion of the study is that Persian language from standardization point of view and with due regard to the group A and B faces unsuitable circumstance and with due regard to the group C and D it faces the suitable one.

"Yakoliya and her loneliness" is one of the best long stories in Persian literature. It is classified in the category of stories like "Malakut" (of the Heaven) and "Boof-e- koor" (The Blind Owl). "Yakolia and Her Loneliness" by Taghi Modarresi is an allegorical story in which he connects the time of the "old testament" to the modem times. In this story the themes like Satan versus Jehovah, good versus evil, love versus power, and personal temptations versus common interests are always shown as influential in human life. The simple and sincere expressions, the numerous archaic and poetical words and structures, the numerous phrases of sentiment, the overwhelming narrative expression, and the spiritual and metaphysical atmosphere are among the common features of Yakolia and the stories of The "Old Testament". The conformity between the rhythm and mind, time, and life situation of the characters in Yakolia, the harmony between its language and the time it shows, the conformity between its sound system and its form, and the decorum between the narrative techniques and the subject and incidents in this story have produced a certain prose style that due to its similarities with that of the Farsi version of the Bible is known as the Torah prose style.The suitability of the Torah pros style with the antiquity of the subject matter and the incidents in this story well signifies the artistic truth that in a quality of the structure and the language of narration are determined by the content and nature of the subject.

Metter which refers to an order in utterances and makes them more imaginative is an integral part of poetry. In spite of all efforts made aimed at ignoring meter and at extending the poetic prose, the Persian speakers are still inclined to prefer metrical poetry.M.Sereshk-.Shafii Kadkani- theoretically believes that poetry is musical manifestation of language. This statement means that meter in the main component of Shafii kadkani s poetries. With due regard to this theory, the present article is going to focus on and analyses the external music or meter in Nimaic Poems by Shafii Kadkani. For doing such research, one hundred samples of Nimaic poems have been studied respectively from the first half of the book "second millennium of the gazelle"(Hazareh-ye-Dovom-e-Ahou-ye-Kouhi) and the results have been presented by use of data analysis. Out of the result is that Shafii observed the rules and regulations established by Nima while Shafii has done some initiatives.His choice of meter is unconscious. He has a natural inclination towards the meters such as "Ramal" and "Mozareh" exploited by Hafez, Saadi, and Molavi in their best sonnets. Caesuras, pauses, long syllables and short ones are selected in the most effective manner to convey emotions and meanings in his poems.

This article is going to analyses rhyme in Nimaic Poems by Shafii kadkani. Therefore, Nimaic poems is extracted from the first two hundreds pages of The book Second Millenniumof the gazelle (Hazareh-ye-Dovom-e-Ahou-ye-Kouhi) including "Elegies on Kashmars Cypres" (Marthieha-ye-Sarv-e- Kashmar) "a line on Dejection" (Khati- Ze- Deltangi) and a part of "A Sonnet for the Sunflower" (Ghazal- Baraie- Gol-e- Aftabgardan) and are discussed based on various rhyme schemes.Shafii Kadkani is aware of the miraculous power of rhyme and exploits different possibilities of rhyme for creation of devise music, link between utterances and etc. Rhyme in his poems can be studied variously. This article is based on analysis of internal rhymes, double rhymes, mixed rhymes and etc. The major element in the aesthetic analysis of his poetry is applicable to those rhymes in which he has innovation and creates parallel rhymes, balanced rhymes, etc. The result is indicates that he is more inclined to use balanced rhymes.

Literature has played an important rule in transferring, conceptualizing and conception of the issue more rapidly thought imitation and recreation of the universe facts and life image and conceptualization and human world in a sensible form. Despite the fact that literature and language enjoy the same subject, each face the various images and approaches of various basis, namely in approaching language, the language itself is a tool for understanding the universe as it is, while in literarily approach language is a raw material for universe recreation as we want to it to be.This study is an attempt to put forward the commitments by the writers and his main responsibility and writing importance when the various view points are studied based on the "Literature" real meaning.Meanwhile, some approving evidence, mostly from the contemporary literature, factor for human similarity and differences and other literature and human similarities, the criteria for beauty in literary works and also the rules and standards ruling the literary works have been also considered.