GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2005 | Volume:37 | Issue:53|Papers Count:14

This study has been written based on an M.A. the sis, attempting to discuss a major Problem of every city. The different stages of spatial develop pment of Sanandaj have been surveyed, as well as the trend of villages and agricultural land joining the city and its effect on the development of city space and population based on reliable estimates. It would then be easy to find population variations and their effect on population growth. Population figures upto the year 1400 (2021) have also been estimated. In addition, land use in Sanandaj has been analysed with the deep and surface structure of the city in order to clarify the relation of the citys inadequate and rapid development with its negative balance of components. In conciusion, we will have a general view of the war-centered border Province of Kurdistan in reletion to its central city, Sanandaj, and its problems.

From the beginning of the industrialization trend, Tehran- as the most industrial pole of Iran – has included one – third of manufacturing industries. Although the implementation of the industries in 120 km radius of Tehran (1976) have led to gradual decrease of industries in Tehran city, but have caused the movement of industrial concentration to the surrounding region and the emergence of industrial axes – in a radial form – around the main transportation roads which connect to Tehran. The emergence of the uncontrolled and unplanned industrial corridors indicates the spatial expansion of Tehran industrial pole and the polarization space. This research analyzes the causes and nature of development of industrial axes- based on library studies and fieldwork – before and after the Islamic Revolution. The results show that not only all of the policies and strategies implemented by the government have not been efficient against industrial concentration, but have also led to considerable increase of industrial intensity around Tehran urban region.

On the fifteenth of February 1990, an understanding memorandum was signed between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the U.S.S.R following this, the northern boundaries of Iran were reopened after many years and communication between two sides restarted. At that time Jolfa boundary, in Eastern Azerbaijan, was one of the reopening boundary regions. The present research is to find out the spatial influence of reopening of the mentioned boundary on the region of Jolfa, and answering the main question. The research adopted an analytical descriptive method, using information from a variety of sources such as library, documents and field works (questionnaire, observation and interview. The research achieved to the following: Reopening of Jolfa border is the cause of development of the city of Jolfa, development of communication and transportation systems, change of political structure of space, development of economic structures, people’s cultural approach to the trans border and the change of the function of police forces and border guards. On the other hand, it has had no effects on rural services and it hasn't led to the increase of immigration to Jolfa.

Under the influence of recent socio - economic and technological transformation, Iranian cities have experienced notable changes in their spatial structures. Reviewing the main aspects of morphological change in the City of Rasht, this paper attempts to analyze the underlying factors of recent spatial change and how it influenced the conditions of urban life in this city. The main data and information employed in this article come from different case studies and author’s experience on the City of Rasht over the past five years. As the largest city in southern Caspian shores, Rasht is witnessing a relatively rapid change in its spatial form. The change in the spatial structure of the city is observed both in old districts as well as in the newly built neighborhoods. Using a descriptive method, collected data and information have been analyzed to sum up the characteristics of spatial structure of the city over the past decades. Changing the street layout through widening or opening the new thoroughfares in the city center and reshaping the old network from an unplanned pattern of the past into a semi- radial layout, substituting the single story houses with multi story buildings, change in the architectural style, development of new forms of residential complexes within the city as well as in the outskirt and a boom in housing construction are the main changes which one can observe in the present Rasht. This paper also discusses the increasing social segregation in the city, as the income gap among social groups is widened. It argues how economically based neighborhoods are segregated in the city.

Iranian rural management has undergone some structural changes during many years and, unfortunately, lack of efficient management in rural areas, during all these years in general and last decades in particular, has caused many problems for the villages. Some institutions have been established under the titles of Islamic Council, House of Contribution, Rural Development Office, etc. After the Islamic Revolution of Iran, but due to lack of executive organizations, have not yielded much. This was the case until 1377 (1998) when the establishment law of self-reliant rural management (Dehyari) in villages was passed and He Interior Ministry was allowed, for the purpose of management of rural affairs and sustainable rural development, to found a rural selfreliant establishment by the name of "Dehyari", modeled after urban management based on two institutions of City Council and municipality, with an independent moral personality in 20-plus-household villages (over 35,000 in number in this country), with regard to the conditions of the area and on the request of local habitants. So the interior ministry issued the license for the establishment of 13272 Dehyaris up to the end of aban 1383 (Nov.2006)and it was predicted that for all 20-plus-household villages there would be established Dehyaris. It is noteworthy that 53/4% of Iran's villages are qualified for Dehyari establishment, accommodating 95/3% of Iranian rural population.

With the depletion of fossil energies in the future, new and renewable energy use will be necessary. Some areas of Iran, espeacially Ardebil have is suitable potential for use of wind energy. So, in this paper, we try to examine the potential of wind energy in the Ardebil synoptic station using 10 years daily and hourly meteorological data of wind. Wind power density about 302.64 W/m2, C.V is 56.5% and C.P is 46%. Prevailing wind direction in this station is East erly and its frequency is 23.94 precent. There is no wind in about 44.74 percent of year. Approximately, 3652.5 houres, wind turbine able to work and generate energy. Theory and practical power wind turbine with 4 m diameter of rotor in this station is1757.9 and 465.6 W/m2. This station can be used as a suitable area for using of wind Energy.

Urumieh Lake Causeway has an important role that can be attributed to its effect in connecting West and East Azarbayejan. In this study, we hypothesized that Causeway can affect reducing hydrological connection between both sides of lake. Therefore, we have attempted to study the effect of the causeway on some physicochmical and biological properties of water. In this study, we used the digital number of Landsat satellite Thematic Mapper (TM ) data of two different dates in order to investigate the water quality parameters of the lake and the effect of causeway on the mentioned parameters. In this study, the following image processing techniques were used: Creating false colour composites; Contrast stretching; spectral profiles of TM thermal and TM reflective bands; selection of small representative area from lake margin to the center for studying spectral behavior of sediment and suspended solid materials. The obtained results from spectral behavior show a significant difference between the water quality parameters of two sides of causeway. This difference can be due to weak hydrological connection between two sides of causeway. The results show that TM thermal and TM reflective bands are powerful in detecting water turbidity and salinity. The TM3 and TM6 have more important roles in spectral reflectance of saline and turbid water in comparison to other TM bands.

Northern Misho fault is an east-west trending fault, that is elongated on northern slope of Misho-Dagh mountain on Azerbijan(northwest of Iran). Studies on Northern Misho fault and its secondary branches operations indicate that this fault is active. This fault separates the geological and topographical units, so that it has influenced the replacing of rural habitations(10 villages) on or adjacent to it.In this study, we have assessed the vulnerability of villages from fault activity with due attention to geological, geomorphological and topographical charactristics and quality of building materials. The Methodology of this study is based on field studies and analysis of geological and topographical maps and areal photo interpretations. Results indicate that probable fault activity and their seismic waves are very important factors threatening the villages of study area. This vulnerability from tectonic activity supported by other factores such as unsuitable buildings and their excessive longevity, weakness of building materials, settling on alluvials, steep slopes and liquification of alluvium, and flnally, instability and mass movements on slopes that overlook the villages.This survey clearly reveals the importance of necessity of attention to geomorphological factors and their influences, as well as indicating the potential for geomorphological input to rural improvement and design.

Sefidrud River Delta, which is the largest Iranian delta in the southern coast of Caspian Sea, was formed during the last two million years and has a complex evolutionary history. Its delta – making process is different form that of open seas because of being enclosed. Frequent movement change of its estuary has had an effective role in the evolutionary process of the delta, but the movement rate has gradually diminished. The role of West – East sea currents in sediment movement in Delta morphology has been neglected. The rise of Caspian sea level to a small rate by itself cannot prevent the delta expansion. The formation of sand spits, barrier islands and shoals play an important role in deltas evolutionary process. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the evolutionary process of Semidried River Delta using historical resources, topographic maps, Arial photographs, Landsat images, and finally field studies.

Geographical bases fall generally into two major categories: Natural and human. Studies have revealed that in addition to being affected by human bases, settlement system structure has also emerged due to natural bases. As an attempt to deal with this case, this study follows an applied research methodology in terms ot the objective, and an analysis- correlative method in terms of nature or quality. The results gained by correlation coefficient and regression analysis of the variables under study and settlement distribution clearly reveal a direct meaningful correlation between the type of lands and settlement distributibution, and a negative meaningful one between settlement distribution and highland levels. As far as the relation between natural bases and human bases are concerned, the functional situation also influence the settlement system. The Functional situation itself depends on the natural situation. However, it includes situational, local, area, and beyond area aspects as well.

One of the greatest challenges of the present and future in rural areas of central district of Birjand is providing jobs needed by a surplus workforce from agriculture sector. Disability of agriculturl sector in absorbing surplus workforce in ensuring enough income has forced the flood of rural migrants of central districts to flow towards cities. Therefore, generating jobs and ensuring income, especially for rural low-income groups, is an undeniable necessity. The rural industry sector within the studied district has a potential and actual ability that, by setting and developing suitable rural industries such as handicrafts (carpet weaving …) and small factory and convertible industries in the framework of industrialization process, to provide employment, increas income and welfare, decrease rural-urban migrations, and eventually reduce regional inequalities, hence rural development can be facilitated. This study aims to explain the role and status of rural industries in industrialization process, and has focused on its outcome in the framework of permanent employment and income in order to achieve rural development in the central district of Birjand.

Interest in climate changes has significantly increased in recent years due to the important economic and social consequences connected with extreme weather events. In this paper, the variability and extreme event behaviour were studied on the basis of indices of climatic extremes. The indices of temperature and precipitation extremes in this study were selected from the list of climate change indices recommended by the World Meteorological Organization–Commission for Climatology(WMO–CCL) and the Research Program on Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR). The findings revealed that Fd & ID indices have significant decreasing trends and the daily minimum &mean temperature have increasing trends. In addition, warm extremes indices such as T40, CDD TR ,SU and GDD show a pronounced increasing trend rather than cold extreme. For example HDD & DTR have decreasing trends. Indices of extremes precipitation such as SDII,RR20 show low decreasing trends however the trend of indices WD, RR5, PER95 is increasing. Symmetric warming in tails of most indices is seen.