Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Year:2001 | Volume:9 | Issue:36|Papers Count:14

Introduction: With respect to what has been mentioned about the progression of IGT, and the lack of information in rural areas, this research was accomplished in the years 2000-2001. In 1997, the first step of this study was carried out to screen 1977 people in Zanjan's rural areas with glucose tolerance test which showed IGT in 63 cases of them. Next, in the second step after more than three years of initial diagnosis of IGT, we re-called them for GTT for the second time.Material and Methods: Standard GTT was done with 75 glucose, and based on WHO criteria, they were divided into three groups: (1) Overt diabetes mellitus (2) Impaired Glucose tolerance (IGT) (3) Normal GTT.Results: The individuals consisted of 46 females and 10 males. The results of GTT indicated that 12 of them (21.4%) had remained IGT, 15 people (26.2%) had become diabetic and 29 cases had turned out to become normal after three years of initial diagnosis of IGT. BMI (Body Mass Index) in diabetic group was more than that of the other two groups (P<0.05).A significant correlation was observed between female sex and the progression of IGT to overt diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The results indicated that the incidence of overt diabetes mellitus in patients with IGT in rural areas is as high as urban areas, and there was a direct relationship between sex and the rate of obesity with this incidence. So, special attention and national health and therapeutic programming seems to be useful for prevention of diabetes and CAD.

Background: Increased nosocomial infections are among the major health issues which most hospitals are involved in at present. Out of them, airborn fungal spores are significant contaminating sources of operating-room equipment and intensive care units that can potentially cause a wide range of nosocomial infections. Opportunistic fungi are among the most common and most fatal infections.Methods: In current survey carried out during June, July and August 2001, 59 plates from air and culture of 83 samples from operating-room equipment and special wards of four hospitals were accomplished on saboro Dextrose Agar culture media.Results: 70% of plates were tested to be positive for fungi. In this study, 568 colonies were isolated from 21 different types of fungi. Dominant fungi were, Aspergillus (40.1%) , Alternaria 19.78% , penicillium 18.18%, fusarium 13.36%, cladosporium 9.62%, Rhizopus 3.20%, fuma 2.13%, Nigrospora 1.6% stampfillium 0.53%, respectively. Among the yeast type fungi, yeast had the highest frequency 47.75% and the others were as follows: Candida - Spp 26.91%, Rodutrulla 17.76%, and Geotrichum 1.31% respectively. The highest colony rate was isolated from hospital III, and out of investigated units, the highest colony rates were isolated from the floor of the wards (78.94%) and air (39.62%) and more importantly amboback (27%), whereas the lowest rate belonged to shockdence and anesthetic machines (3.61%).Conclusion: Based upon determined frequency rates and various fungal spores in the air and equipment available in operating-room and intensive care units, the need for applying appropriate prevention and control procedures in order to omit these organisms and reduce the nosocomial infection is evident.

Introduction: Speech disorders can affect all of the aspects of an individual's behavior and characters, and involve them in numerous difficulties. There is a relationship among speech, development of IQ, success, and behavior. Speech disorders occur all around the world and also in Zanjan, thus the necessity of this study especially among students of primary schools is felt. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of speech disordes among students of primary schools in Zanjan.Method and Materials: After the estimation of all the primary school students in Zanjan, sampling was carried out by chance and 1170 students were selected. Then, they were examined for speech disorders and then were interviewed.Results: Among 1170 cases, 10.2% had speech disorders as follows: 29 (2.4%) stuttering, 78 (6.4%) dyslexia, 6 (5%) nasality, and 7 (0.8%) delayed speech and language. Conclusion: According to the findings, the rate of speech disorders in Zanjan is 10.2%. This quantity is 5-10% in the world. One of the reasons of this problem can be social bilingualism, this theory has been confirmed in other countries and Zanjan is not an exception.

Changes in menstrual pattern after tubal ligation are one of the complications that is not proved. This idea is sometimes the cause of tubal ligation canceling. Several studies done did not have similar conclusions. This investigation is a case-cotrol analytic study. 300 women were studied in this study. In 150 cases, tubal ligation was done 2-5 years before the study, and in the other 150 cases withdrawal contraception method was used 2-5 years before the study. The data were collected by means of interview. Based upon the findings, no significant difference was observed in these two groups from menstrual changes point of view.

It has been known that hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the first detectable evidence of infection with hepatitis B appearing in serum within 1 to 10 weeks of exposure and 2 to 6 weeks perior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Various studies have reported the relative frequency of hepatitis B patients differently in relation with transaminase increase, moreover, some of the other writers have reported that hepatitis B viral infection dose not cause significant serum transaminase increase in patients. In this study, among 90 cases, 15 people (17.6%) were observed to be with ALT elevation, and 17 people (19%) with AST elevation. Because of low percentage of HBsAg blood donors with transaminase level elevation, it is not possible to consider these enzymes as a wide and sensitive marker of viral hepatitis diagnosis. Also, the difference in age and sex does not have any significant effect on transaminase increase.

The bacterial meningitis is one of the most sever and complicated pediatric diseases with high mortality & morbidity. In this study, 122 admitted patients with bacterial meningitis in ten years (1369-1379) were studied for complications, mortality, and marbitidy. 65.5% were boys and 34.5% were girls. 9% were neonate, 48.3% were 1 month to 2 years old, and 42.7% were above 2 years old. The most common symptom was vomiting in 67.2% cases. The mortality rate was 21.3%. The most common complication was Hydrocephaly (5 patients) and then hearing loss with 3 patients. The rate of this complication is higher in girls than boys.

Numerous evidences indicate the involvement of Insulin in brain functions like memory. In this study, by using a spatial memory test in a radial maze, we examined this theory that intrahippocampal injection of insulin in experimental diabetic rats may relatively reverse the memory impairment. In this study, male rats were taken under stereotaxic surgery and cannulation after being trained and reaching learning criterion. Then, they were subjected to intrahippocampal injection of insulin, glibenclamide, insulin and glibenclamide and saline. The number of errors and the spent time per choice were recorded and analyzed as memory indices. The findings suggest that (1) Insulin selectively int1uences spatial memory mechanisms in hippocampus in a time-dependent manner. (2) Insulin and glibenclamide potentiating effect indicates separate but convergent underlying mechanisms.

Depression is one of the most important causes of morbidity and disability in the world: In fact, it is a pervasive and impairing illness that affects both women and men. Also, depression in college students including nursing students, midwifery students, and operating-room technicians that are involved in many stresses can affect their own health and patient's health. This research is a descriptive study that has been done on 148 college students of nursing faculty. The purpose of study was to determine the range of depression in target group (containing all students in nursing faculty) and the data collection instrument in this survey was a questionnaire including 2 sections with 40 questions.The results showed that 48.6% of total students in three educational groups suffered from various degrees of depression, and 26.3% of all the students suffered from clinical depression. Th range of clinical depression turned out to be 23.4% nursing students, 43.4% operating-room technicians, and 21.4% midwifery students. Chi-square statistical test showed a significant relationship among high prevalence of depression rate in all of these college students with their educational semester (P=0.006), the number of their siblings (P=0.017), suffering from main physical or psychological disorder by themselves (P=0.00015), serious psychological problems of their family members (P=0.00027), and significant events in the previous year (P=0.0047).

This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine knowledge and attitude of nurses and midwives in hospitals of Zanjan towards ethical issues. Study sample consisted of 123 nurses and midwives, and sampling procedure was systematic randomized sampling; Questionnaire, as a data collection instrument, was used to measure nurses arid midwives knowledge and attitude towards ethical issues. Descriptive statistics (i.e. frequency tables, central tendency) and analytic statistics (x2 test) were used for data analysis. Based on the data, 70.8% of the subjects required education on these topics. And in this group, the needs for education were in the domain of professional issues (47.9%), patient rights (32.3%), and religious laws (26%). Subjects' knowledge about the ethical issues was classified as poor knowledge (6.5%), moderate knowledge (35.8%), and good-quality knowledge, and according to the findings, it seems that the subjects had a positive attitude towards ethical issues. In addition, X2 test revealed the association between knowledge and attitude (P=.0007).

kidneys are one of the most important and vital organs in human body. The number of CRF patients increases with the enhancement of care during these days. On the other hand, renal transplantation for all these patients is impossible. For this reason, dialysis remains the next best choice for treatment which is unfortunately limited in the country, and the efficacy of dialysis with (KTN) must be calculated with this formula:KT/V = -In {(Post Bun/pre BUN) - 0.03 - 0.75 * ((W1-W2)/W2)}. Malnutrition in dialysis is a serious problem because of 40-70% prevalence in CRF patients who must have a special diet. In this paper, all of the patients with CRF with a history of over three months dialysis and regular dialysis program in Zanjan Beheshti hospital were selected and the efficacy of dialysis in these patients were calculated with KT/V formula. Mean average of this calculation is KT/V = 0.78 which is much lower than ideal (1,2). Therefore, regarding the specific underlying disease of these patients, appropriate diet regimen was ordered for each of these patients, with one hour consultation, talking to the patient about. This regimen and each received written regimen. After three months, they were followed and asked questions about their regimen and they were categorized in three groups: poor, moderate, and good response. After this classification, the efficacy of dialysis (KT/V) was calculated with the mean of KT/V =0.95 which is lower than ideal, but it is greater than the first calculation. The analysis of these data indicate that the difference of KT/V was significant (P value =0.001). Our research hypothesis is accepted, that is the efficacy of dialysis in these patients increases with appropriate dietary regimen. And this enables us to improve. the defect in the efficacy of hemodialysis in all parts of the country and decrease morbidity and mortality rates in these patients. We suggest centers of consultation nation-wide and in all dialysis centers in the country that better education of these patients should be established.

Urinary incontinence in women is one of the most prevalent problems that have led to a lot of socioeconomic and psychologic problems. This disease is seen in three forms including: stress, urge, and mixed form. 50 Women with age range from 30 to 50 years old between March 2000 to March 2001 who referred to Shafieh hospital underwent urodynamic study. First, a form was filed out for each patient and then urodynamic study including uronowmetry and customary was done. 28 of the patients (56%) had a pure from of stress incontinence and 22 of them (44%) had the mixed form of the disease. Therefore, doing urodynamic study before beginning any form of therapy seems to be better.

Introduction: Based on the information from others countries in the world, unfortunately millions of the settlers on the earth are suffering from tuberculosis and this disease seems to be a main problem in the domain of chronic infectious diseases. Absence of the following programs by patients is one of the most important factors in the failure of abolition program.Method: The study was performed on 200 tubercular patients who were selected through random sampling. The data were collected through questionnaire and personal interview and then, on the basis of their following up therapy, the patients were divided into two groups consisting of following up and the absence of following up programs.Results: The obtained results showed that the variable of following up therapy had a significant statistical correlation with the variables of having difficulties to refer to clinics P<0.04, the period of diagnosis of disease P<0.008 and therapy period (P<0.03).Discussion: Among the main factors in the absence of therapy are long distances between homes and clinics, delay in the diagnosis of disease as well as the long therapy period.