JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:37(2)|Papers Count:19

Every individual poet, no matter in what position he or she may be, is not exonerated from the influence of or extraction from other poets whether consciously or unconsciously. Some critics have called this a "literary plagiarism" and some others indeed consider it a sort of advantage under certain conditions. In this respect the present article deals with the poetry of one the greatest poets of the first century of Hejira, namely, Abu Dahbal Jomhi who had been highly influenced by the renowned poets of Jahiliya Age before him.

The present work sets as its objective to explore iconic motivation in the grammatical system of Modern Persian and its linguistic consequences. The cases in Modern Persian which come in this article under scrutiny are 1) the distribution of the verbal agreement marker - known as sheniise in Persian grammar - on verbs 2) past tense form and its time reference 3) passivization and the structure of sentences with non-predicative I linking verbs - called esnadi (in traditional grammatical terms esmiyye - i.e.nominal) sentences in Modern Persian and 4) complexpredicates. It will be demonstrated that in all the 4 areas mentioned, the grammatical system exhibits iconicity, especially in its diagrammatic form, between the grammatical structure and the conceptual structure of meaning or experience. As such, the article will establish a new outlook to the analysis and description of the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitute the specific outcomes of the analysis presented in the present work: 1. The auxiliary verb-main verb combination in Modern Persian forms a continuum, along which the grammatical dynamicity of the verb varies from the least dynamic - least verbal and more nominal in form - to the most dynamic - most the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitutverbal and least nominal. This dynamicity is formally realized by the (lack ot) the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitutoccurrence of shenase - the agreement marker of person and number with the grammaticalsubject of the sentence,which is attached to the end of the verb. However, the dynamicity is a reflection of the conceptual structure of meaning or experience. 2. Tense system in Modern Persian is more aspect-bound rather than time-bound. 3. There is a least common 4-enominator in the formation of passives and the so-called esnadi, i.e. linking, sentences with non-predicative verbs in Modern Persian: affected thematic structure. 4. The grammatical behavior of a complex verb in Modern Persian is a consequence of the type of its formation and the internal relation between the constituting elements, with the lower level being there no clash between the constitutive elements in terms of conceptual construct, and the higher level being a convergence in their conceptual properties.

The word sign as well as semiotics are considered as one of the important topics in social psychology, linguistics and literature today, which were used and discussed by Charles Sanders Pierce and Ferdinand Desoseur in late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Then it was Jacques Derrida, the French philosoper, who made some criticism towards its outlooks. The present article does not intend to review and criticize all these opinions, rather it tries to clarify that how semiotics can be employed in literary critique and stylization; and the main question of this article is how we can investigate and classify the literary works through semiotics, and how it is possible to find out the evaluation and application of signs in the literary texts.

Theme -rheme is based on functional sentences perspective dealing with how information is distributed in sentences, and the effect of this distribution in discoures. Linguists have used different terms to refer to theme - rheme including background - focus, given - new, and topic - comment,but Halliday (1985) enumerates some fundamental distinctions between them and scrutinizes each category separately. In this paper we follow hallidays model of theme-rheme organization and try to apply it in some literary and scientific texts. Theme - rheme has a great importance in terms of socio - linguistics and psycholinguistics so that any change in the organization of theme - rheme affects the message and its degree of comprehensibility. Since thematisation is one of the textual strategies for creating a common world between the addressor and his addressees we mix up the text without resorting to this strategy. Weissberg (1984) concludes that comprehensibility and recallability of text is to some extent a function of the way in which information is distributed, i.e. in unmarked sense, recall and comprehension is faster and more accurate. In this research some texts have been analyzed in terms of seven patterns of theme development including linear, constant, miscellaneous, marked,. multiple, implicit and absent themes presented by Weissberg.

Revising and correcting Shahnameh by scholars and researchers date back to about 200 years ago. In this period great steps were taken and many literary works published, and one of them was the correction of Rostam and Sohrabs story by M.Minovei, specially its second edition that collated with the recent Florans version. Such a method lasted up to now and we are obliged to take some more steps in order to have a more perfect and reliable text of Shahnameh. In this article the author has endeavored to present the results of his studies during his teaching in Allameh Tabatabaie University about Rostam and Sohrabs story in order to take a new step in revising and correcting a manuscript.

In this paper three factors have been discussed in a theoretical way to clarify the process of gaining knowledge in Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Sensitive periods which is the first factor determines level of proficiency in SLA Tests of oral comprehension or competence frequently reveal an advantage for younger learners. tests of grammar reveal an advantage for older learners. The second factor which is multilingual representation determines the degree to which the second language is acquired. Here the learners proficiency in the second language will depend on the degree of relationship between the first and second language. The third factor is the epistemological status of linguistic knowledge. It is based on associations between linguistic forms and speaker intentions that are perceived in linguistic input. Throughout the brief discussion of all these factors, the point is that language must be regarded as being comprised of two distinct parts. One part is characterized as universal, incorporating all the languages known by the speaker, and developing more fully if the opportunity occurs in early childhood. The other part is characterized as language specific,. distinctly stored for each language, and developing limitlessly irrespective of the age of the learner.

In this article, we examine transitivity and Intransitivity in Standard Persian. traditional grammarians and linguists divide verbs into two or three groups: transitive, intransitive, and both transitive and intransitive. Here according to Hopper and Thompson (1980) transitivity is considered as discourse-based phenomenon is divided into some components or features. The existence of two participants: agent and patient, is only one of these components or features. Transitivity is a continuum. We can speak of low or high transitivity.

This article intends to study Alexander Popes "The Rape of the Lock" from a psychological point of view with emphasis on the myth of rape and the symbolic connotations of the rape. In the fancy world of sylphs, gnomes, and nymphs, there are two forces of superego that challenge the power of ego :one representing tradition/art and the other functioning as the good sense. It is through the clash between these two forces that Popes protagonist takes her journey to the wishes of id. Despite the sociological interpretations of the poem, the writer wishes to prove that Popes poem is a masterpiece not for its mock-heroic style nor for its satiric and moral purposes. "The Rape of the Lock" is rather a deep portrayal of human nature in the stream of works that continue the tradition of passion vs. purity.

This article is a study of the representation of time in postmodern narrative. It is divided into two major parts. Firstly, it examines the new definition of history in postmodernism and the effect of this new definition on postmodern narrative. History in postmodernism is no longer distinct from fiction. It is plural, and it does not provide total concepts, what Lyotard calls as meta-narratives. History is entangled in a text as much as fictional discourse is. Sometimes a historical account in postmodernist literature becomes close to pastiche which is a collection of images and simulations. Eventually, the notion of instantaneity is discussed which breaks down the continuity of time. In the second part of this article, I have focused on the effect of phenomenology on the contemporary understanding and representation of time. Time in postmodern narrative is a phenomenon existing on its own. It circles and fluctuates, but can not be patterned. It does not act as a line in order to make the plot coherent; it is coextensive with the events of the narrative. Finally, the notion of labyrinthine time is discussed. The whole article is an attempt to explore the role of time in postmodernist literature and this in itself will help towards a new understanding of literary texts.

Contrary to the Verse, Poetry has rhythm, rhyme and many other things. However, it lacks the very feeling and spirit of the verse. From this standpoint, we can rarely find distiches in the Masnavi of Mowlavi, which are free from verse specifications. This book was basically intended to inspire excellent mystical concepts, and in such works, there is no need to employ imaginative elements and include metaphor and figures of speech, which are essential for pure verse. The present article in a comparison with other dignified mystical works such as Hadigheh of Sanaei and Mossibatnameh of Attar, throws light on the difference of Masnavi with these works in terms of verse and imagination quality in presenting the idea, and shows the zenith and nadir of Masnavi as well as the elements involved in these zenith and nadir.

University students majoring in English language and literature often display lack of functional competence in pronunciation, despite the overabundance of discussions on the necessity for accurate pronunciation in the literature on teaching English. This paper contends that proper pronunciation is part and parcel of language learning and that accurate pronunciation is particularly significant for the correct reading of poetry. Prosodic features have proven to be vital to the right type of melody intended in poetry. Language learners need be sensitized to the conception of linking /r/ as well as the intrusive /r/ Such a distinction is highly important for easy and fluent flow of language in communication as well as the normal and free flow of poetic language. Language learners need also be made aware of the fact that at times syllabification may be disrupted in speech. All in all, the difficulty involved in the pronunciation of English may be attributed, among others, to the following factors. (a) The absence of a definitive stress pattern on words. (b) Lack of correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. (c) The fact that English happens to have stress-timed rhythm which renders English pronunciation a challenge.

In Khaghani poems, commentators have been attracted by a rich and dignified style, varied themes, interruption of images, abundance in scientific terms and etc ... , from a long time ago. Among all the odes written by the poet of Sharvan, Tarsa"iye ode has repeatedly been commented and analysed for its containing the christians themes. In this paper, the researcher trys to analyse the structure of the word najormaki in the following verse from Khaghanis Tarsaiyc ode: من و ناجرمکی و دیر مخران در بقراطیانم جا و ملجا

The royal magnificence was passed from Fereidoun to Kayghobad and then to his six sons and grandsons. In other words, it was passed to Kayapiveh, Kaykavous, Kiarash, Kaypishin, Kaypiarash and Kaysiavash and finally to Kaykhosro. Shahnameh and words of Sohrevardi such as Avesta have mentioned the possession of wisdom by Kaykhosro and his ability to do great works and holy virtues and his immortality which were achieved by Kaykhosro, ascending him to the status of a pious disciple and a wise theist and owner of discovery and intuition, which will be reviewed in this article in the form of an abridgement.

According to the studies conducted by the French lexicologists, some forty Persian words have been incorporated and used in the French language. These words which entered into the French language mainly through the Arabic and Turkish languages, include names of objects and artifacts as well as expressions which are employed in the social culture. The nature and number of each group of these words and the date they entered the French language reveal how the French came across with and looked at the Eastern Culture. By using a few tables, the present article shows the developments in these words in the previous French texts until the time they adjusted to the dictation of todays French language.

The year 1999 coincided with the two hundred and fiftieh birth anniversary of Johan Wolfgang Von Goethe, the great German poet and dramatist, who is the distinguished representative of the classic literature of his country, and Many of his works have been introduced to the arena of the global literature. The present article takes benefit from this opportunity to inroduce the Western- Eastern Wok of this renowned poet. The reason for selection of this work is to explain that Goethe was inspired by and indebted to the Iranian poets, particularly Hafez, in the thoughts and feelings hidden in different chapters of this book.