JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:29|Papers Count:8

The present article aims at studying the method of Gilbert in modern literary critique. However, it must be noted that this article is not a systematic research on all works of this French Anthropologist, rather it introduces one of the works of this writer, called "Anthropological structures of imaginations".At the same time our study, which is based on the concepts of literary of literary critique, only seeks to introduce a thought with a preliminary effort; besides, when reviewing the works of Gilbert Durand, We come to this conclusion that the principles of his thoughts, even his perception and understanding of literary critique, are totally inspired by radical changes of biliogy with an outlook which has influenced our century. The article is divided into three sections: In the section, we will try to define the key concepts in the words of Gilbert Durand such as "myth", "motives", "old patterns" and "symbol". Then in the second section, We Will have a look at the main theme of the book "Anthropological structures of imaginations", i.e. the time; finally, in the third section "imaginations regime", which is the most important part of this article, we will try to show the structural classification of imaginations from point of view of Gilbert Durand.

"Baol" means charmed and ecstasied, and its root is "bayn" from Sanskrit "vayu" It is applied to a group of delivered dervishes who ignore the material world and its bonds. "Baol" dervishes are the result of composing Sophist and Oppanishad teachings and Buddhist thoughts A call of sincerity and unity of religions is the essence of their beliefs. "Rend" has been repeated in the Work of Hafez about 80 times. Hafez’s "Rend" is a collection and a multi-dimensional paradox; a perfect man plus a cynical calendar free from bonds who makes love by dancing and capering."Rend" in Baol of Bangal, particularly in re-creation of Tagore (1861-1941),is rejuvenated. The most remarkable common aspect between "Rend" and "Baol" is the issue of love. Another point homogeneity of the heterogeneity, i.e. reconciliation of the concepts which are considered contradictory by others. Another point is rebellion against the mundane bonds. There also exists attention to the heart.

Mowlana is Jalaleddin Mohammad Balkhi, Who is most Proud to be a servant of lmam Ali, the Mowla (lord) of the virtuous. Although he is Sunni by religion, he is inclined by heart towards lmam Ali, and in his opinion Ali has a special Status and a Special Prudence. And this status and prudence can be seen in the story on the spitting of enemy in the face of Ali (PBUH). The present article reveals the origin and the source of this story and the viewpoint of Hazrat Mowlana towards it as well as the mystical and ethical wits which are evident in each and every Verse of this poem. It also discusses the difference between the outlooks of traditionalist savants and spiritualist and universalist mystics from a critical point of view.

When searching about the comparison skill as one of the figures of speech in rhetorical books, we come across different and sometimes identical outlooks from rhetoricians, however, some aspects of the subject have not yet been elaborated. Deliberating on the viewpoints and opinions of Ibn Abol-Hadid in his account of Nahjul-Balagha, the writer of this article found the broadness of the mind of this author to describe different aspects and issues of this rhetorical skill (comparison) as well as his sound judgment. Whereas he has put all kinds of opinions to discussion and arbitration in this respect, the writer decided to classify and discuss the results of the deliberations of Ibn Abol-Hadid within the following categories:1. Definition of comparison2. Application at comparison and its conditions.3. Personal outlook of Ibn Abol- Hadid and critique of the opinion of Ion Alathir4. Division of comparison in terms of number5. Conclusion and final evaluation

To determine the level of difficulty of the English texts for different purposes has been customary for a long time, however, little research has been conducted to determine the level of fluency of the Persian texts. The present study reviews 500 samples from eighteen English books in various disciplines of the humanities together with 500 excerpts from the Persian translation of the same samples. OF the formulas used to determine the level of fluency, the Fog Index proved to be able .to determine the level of difficulty of the texts translated into the Persian Language, however, Flesch New Formula was not useful for this purpose. The results proved that by changing one of the numerical Coefficients of Flesch New Formula, this Formula may also be used to determine the level of fluency of the Persian texts.

The scientific ideology of Khayyam was in the scope of ontology, and raising the unknowns, and posing fundamental questions regarding the existence of the universe and mankind. He suggested a paradox through infinity and belief in eternity, which was beyond the knowledge of his contemporaries. The logical result of such deep thoughts within a simple, tight and effective from of quatrain brought eternity for Khayyam, the poet, and the most exalted literary rank for the poetry in the Iranian land. The most sagacious scientist of the mecival centuries whose thought was the nature of the Creation and the unknowns of the existence, and whose pre-occupation was all searching for logical concepts, portrayed an image of deliberation and astonishment, and skepticism and bewilderment in the from of poems, and the product of this fanciful moments, enchanted the world and distinguished him as the best poet of all times among eight thousand Iranian poets. With his broad and extra- terrestrial mind, Khayyam talked about topics beyond the knowledge of the public, the topics which are still alive after 893 years and no other poet could even imitate him. The topics most frequently used in his quatrains are as follows: Life cycle:25 Hasty elapse of time:16 Pleasure:13 Fatalism:l0Wine: 10 Frivolity:9 Skepticism:9 ExistenceJustification:7 The firmament:7 Religious skeptism:7Mortality:7 Admitting to be yourself:7 Negligence of man:6Knowledge and awareness:5 Bitterness of life:4 Bewilderment:2Total quatrains:143Topics such as "life cycle" , "eternity" and astronomy" in the Persian Literature is new and novel to the same extent as his bewilderment between infinity and eternity ...,The theme of Khayyam’s quatrains are thought inciting, novel, deep and often unique, and although the theme of the poems can not be definitely categorized due to its association and implication of several ideas in them. and that such categorization can not be so accurate as it must be, once the theme and the main idea of the literary work and evaluation of the details of topics are recognized, recognition of the poet and study of the poem would be possible more scientifically and more reasonably.

The present research studies the family role factor to prevent misdemeanor in young adults (with an emphasis on family order). If the family members are able to reach a common interest in their relations (common fortune),and have mutual external compromise to attain a common interest (common effort), and also feel sympathy toward each other (sympathy) and enjoy a common understanding and relative common evaluation (understanding) and (common idea),then the family order will be balanced and stable, and the chance of divorce, severance and disruption will become pretty slim, and this in turn would help to reduce misdemeanor in the young adults of the family. According to the findings of the measurements with a volume of 240, the more common effort, common fortune, common sympathy, common idea and order exist in the family, the more the behavior grade of the child would be, and the less the prison term (less misdemeanor) would occur. Moreover, there is a negative relation between the dimensions of order and index of order in the family and the variable of divorce and child misdemeanor. The common fortune as an obstacle to the parent’s divorce as well as common sympathy would stabilize the family and protect it. There is also a positive and meaningful relation between the parents divorce and misdemeanor, and the stronger the religious beliefs of the parents are, the more stable the family order and the less the chance of divorce will be.

Freedom is one of the major themes of democracy. Freedom is a basic principle or mother value in every society, which causes the reproduction of two other remarkable themes in democracy: a. Appearance of awareness on fundamental political rights in all or at least most of the people.b. Establishment of necessary social and political structures to administer the right of participation of all people in the administration of public affairs. The nature of democracy becomes more evident in the course of the history by studying its existing practical forms which have led to the establishment of the most modern democratic systems in the advanced industrial societies of today. Whereas the advanced industrial societies have different social and political forms, the democratic systems too, follow these forms to establish different kinds of democracy.In view of the various interpretations of the civil society, two major interpretations are initially introduced so that definition and description of the subject are made on their bases. These interpretations,(a) limited and (b) broad, have been developed from the point of view of social and political theorists, each enjoying strong foundations in the social and political literatures. Hence, the re-proposition of the civil society and drawing attention toward its concept has objective and universal reasons, whose introduction and description seem to be useful for recognition of "justification" of this issue.In summing up the topics, the interlacing of necessary pre-requisites for the implementation and functioning of a democracy with features and characteristics of the civil society have been shown more clearly, and stress is placed on their mutual interaction. We come to the final message after a brief discussion, that is, in view of the present developments in the social and political currents of our time, "cultural relativity" is gradually taking the place of "cultural reasonability”.