JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:30|Papers Count:14

The trade route between Bokhara and Khiveh passed through a waterway, i.e. Jayhoon, and a land route. The Land route itself divided into two roads, one of them passing through the east of Jayhoon and the other passing through its west. Both routes had to cross the river in Kharazm region., where Jayhoon was divided into different branches, Therefore, the trade route generally extended between these two important land-water regions, Whereas this route played an important role in preservation of economic unity in Transoxiana and also had a role in the trade between china and eastern Europe. this essay intends to study the means of transporting goods and major items in the Medieval centuries.

The backbone of militarism of the post- Islamic governments in Iran from Samanid to Kharazmshah dynasties had always relied on slave military men and particularly Turk slaves. These elements played a dual role; they asserted themselves as a powerful military arm for these dynasties on the one hand, and were influential in the weakening and toppling their respective governments on the other, and sometimes even took over the power themselves. Upon the attack of Mongols and eventual establishment of Mongol llkhans (tribal chiefs) in Iran (656-736) the role and function of slave military men in the military and political structure of Iran suddenly came to an end. The study of different factors which led to the decline of the power of slave corps during the IIkhanid dynasty is the pivot and basis of this essay.

The concept of social splits which is rooted in the classical sociology, has been referred to with continuous disparities by contemporary political sociology which is able to explain the distinction of elective behavior. The present essay, reviews the origin of attention to social splits and additional consideration of political sociology toward it, while examining the claim of decline in the importance of this concept, and then by reviewing the methods of conception distinguishes three kinds of splits, namely, splits in the social structure, splits in the information structure and splits in the political structure. Finally, the essay examines two minority and majority patterns of the concept of social splits, and while emphasizing on the explanatory power of the majority pattern, the relations among the elements of this pattern is turned over to experimental studies.

The aim of this article is to present Durkhiem as one the first sociologist who had an empirical approach to deviance. His work on different topics such as Suicide, Rules of Sociological Method and Division of Labor in Society deal with the problem of deviance. It has been tried to present a summery of his approach to deviance on the basis of these different works. Generally speaking Durkheim relates deviance to social structure and social integration. He believes that deviance happens within certain structures. He also pays attention to human needs and characteristics and the dialectical relationship between man and society. Therefore, deviance is basically a social phenomenon and society is held responsible for behavior of man. Every society must be able to meet the physical as well As the psychological needs of individuals within that society. It must be added that Durkhiem believed that deviance is functional in societies, the least of which is that deviance can bring about social change.

The present study offers a theoretical review of the concept of "self - estrangement" and "occupation - estrangement" in the literature of social sciences, and points to the history of this concept in theoretical studies and experimental researches, while examining this phenomenon in the structure of bureaucratic system, mentioning the factors involved in occupation - estrangement, drawing a necessary conclusion on the basis of these factors, and putting forward some proposals according to the conclusion.

The tale of "The Parrot And The Merchant" by Mowlavi has a long history in the mind and language of our predecessors, including scholars, gnostics and poets. Attar, too, had composed a parable under the title of "The Parrot And The Sage" in his "Asrarnameh" before Mowlavi and Mowlavi attended to this Attar’s parable. This article investigates a narration record of this tale, and then draws a detailed comparison between he tale of Mowlavi and that of Attar in terms of the style of the thought and expression used by each of them, thus reaching this conclusion: Mowlavi narrated the tale in full details covering mystical, ecstasy and ebullitions in a more elegant form, however, Attar narrated his tale more succinctly.

Men of letters and philosophers have remembered the old age as a painful era in the life. Complaints are lodged about physical and mental weakness and also about a kind of farewell to the juvenile pleasures. However, in spite of resemblance of the wording to express these complaints, a review of the texts of the Persian Literature on the one hand, and the discourse of Cicero, the Roman author and philosopher of the first century A.D on the other, opens a broadest horizon to us, which reveals the insight of the society towards the human life in common. Our men of letters have considered the proportion of behaviors to age, while always remembering the termination of the days of youth with envy, and giving themselves up to the certain demise. However, Cicero encourages the wise old age to overcome the consequences of weakness of human body and mind, and consoles the old age with the advice which are a sign of his sound judgment and optimism towards the life. A collation of these sayings about the old ages afflictions represents diverse interpretations of the man’s status in the creation given by the east and west.

The present article which has been translated from English into Persian, deals with the origin of Gypsies and how they roamed from India to other areas of world, as well as their language ( the Romanian Language) in terms of its geographical diffusion, while discussing it linguistically under three categories of script, phonological and phonetic system, and grammar, and the developments this language have undergone within the above categories in relation with local languages of different countries.

The fact that some aspects of reading ability are readily transferred from one language to another has been supported by a number of studies, the present study aimed to investigate the degree of relationship between the reading strategies adopted in the first language and in the foreign language. The study was conducted as follows: First 57 Iranian students studying at Allame Tabatabai University took the nelson Language Test (1976), version 450 A. The subjects were all undergraduate seniors majoring in English. Based on the result obtained the researcher selected 38 subjects who were at an advanced level of language proficiency.In the second phase, a Persian doze test and a Persian reading strategy questionnaire were administered respectively.In the third phase of the study, an English cloze test and English reading strategy questionnaire were administered.Finally, in the last phase of the study, the data were statistically analysed. classified as positive reading strategies, 6 were used frequently in Persian and English and 10 were used moderately in both Languages, However, out of 8 negative strategies, 6 were used moderately in both languages and two other strategies were used relatively infrequently in both languages. The correlation coefficient between the two cloze was 0.60 which was significant at P < 0.01. Hence the null hypothesis could be rejected. The result supported the view that reading strategies, among other aspects of reading ability, can be transferred from one language to another.