JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:51 (SPECIAL ISSUE ON HISTORY)|Papers Count:16

In this article, Shahnameh as one of the references of Sasanian history is studied and its similarities and differences with other references are considered. For this purpose, four stories related to Sasanian history in Shahnameh and other references are compared. These stories are: the foundation of Sasanian dynasty, the conquest of Hatra, the advent and death of Mani and the story of Bahram Gor. Having compared these stories, we study the differences that are worthy of attention.

Shiism as a politico-religious movement, during the first half a century of its existence, emphasized on the rightfulness of Ali Ibn-Abitalib (pbuh) as the successor of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), maintaining its Arabic identity during the period. The first revolt known as keysaniyyah emerged in the history of Shiism after Imam hossein was tragically martyred and Mokhtar started propagating the Imamate of Mohammad Ibn-i Hanafiyyah as the Mahdi. During the socio-political life of Shism a number of other branches successively appeared: the rise of Zeyd Ibn-i Ali Ibn-i Hossien Ibn-i Ali in 740A.C. in Kufa, his son Yahya in Khorasan, a group of the descendants (Sadat) of Hossein in Irag and Syria, the Zediyyah. In addition, due to ideological disagreements oven the conditions of Imamate, the leadership of the Shiites and the text of Imamate after the martyrdom of Imam Ja′far al-Sadegh (pbuh), the Ismaili sect who supported the Imamate of his elder son Ismail and his other son Mohammad, came to existence. The Keysaniyyahs, the Zrydiyyahs, and the Ismailis, in turn, divided into numerous other sects. All these groups during their social, political and religious activities, had many attempts to disseminate their ideological dogmas in Iran because of the importance of Iran among the Islamic territories and the interest of Iranian in the Household of the Prophet and the Alavids. Thus, the Islamic embarked on widespread activities in Iran from the late 2nd century (H) to the 5th century (H). this paper is a review of the activities of the Ismailis in Iran and the reaction of Ismaili leaders and da′is to the Iranian political governments.

During her long life, which had been full of ups and downs of coping with different cultures, our country Iran, has erratically had to absorb aspects of other cultures fusing them into that of her own. That being the case, how is it that our country has drifted towards the crossroads of culture over the course of the last century? This article is an attempt to consider the following argument: in the first place, lack of philosophical recognition on the part of our intellectuals could be a contributory factor in giving rise to the emergence of such a dilemma concerning Western Civilization. It might also be said that our piece-meal knowledge of the west is rather a geographical knowledge based on distorted modernizational judgement; whereas the west is a multipurpose philosophical persepective, the precognition of which is in need of philosophical deliberation. In the second place, Persian intellectuals′ which may not accurately civilization is simple and based on observed phenomena which may not accurately embody a modern grasp of transpired realities. In the third place, their judgement is based on some second hand translations, and thus they neither understand the hidden realities of the west, nor the cultural layers of their own society. Consequently this leads to an infatuation with the west instead of having a comprehensive understanding of what really the west is.

Saliuq Turks, after the dominance on Iran, to get political legitimation from Abbasid Caliph, which was spiritual reference over the Islamic world, and general acceptance among people tried to revive the Caliph’s weakened authority and Sunnite religion. Saliuq monarchies and their Iranian ministers resorted to religious prejudices with respect to the goal. Amid-al-mulk Kunduri, the first Saliuq minister, justified Hanafi religion that caused Shi’ism and Shafi’ism commanders to migrate from their mother land. The Sahfi’ism religious minister, Nizam-al-mulk, arrived in the top religious and political arena. His ploys were as follows: 1-Nizamiyyas, schools which had been established to unify Iranian future commander’s minds and impose united political failed because of his pragmatic actions. 2-Discripancies between Nizam-al-mulk and the powerful Malik-shah’s spouse, Tarkan Khatun, caused the opponent religious followers, Imamites Shiets, to enter the court. In the period, the Ismaili religion followers, caused new religious inconsistencies. Religious dissensions continued in Malik-shah successor’s era and weakened the Saljuq political standing and blocked cultural and scientific improvements in Iran. Consequently, migration and exile of scholars, terror and slaughtering of opponent orders began, that issued chaos in economy, society and thoughts. Therefore, Saliuqs, administration was prevented from political unification.

The Organisation of Ismaili Dawa which had hierarchal structure, brought about a great success for Ismaili Dawa in the Islamic world. After the Fatimids came to power, the Dawa as an active and efficient organization, first in Maghrib and then in Egypt, remained in the administration until the end of its reign. This organization had direct relation to political and religious transformation of the Fatimids and its success influenced permanence and stability of the Ismili Dawa. This paper intends to study the following questions: 1- What was the structure of Ismili Dawa? 2- How was the function of the organization? 3- Why, after the Ismaili succeeded, was the propaganda division of the organization not ended? 4- How was the process of transformation in the organization since its establishment? 5- What was the function of the Da'i outside the Fatimid′s reign?

Hassan Sabbah is the first advocator of Dilaman (Roodbar-Alamut) who established Nizari sect foundation during Seljuqids kingship, Abbasid and Fatimid Kalifet eta (in 1090). He was in contact with seljuqids in their kingdom. Hassan Sabbah was the initiator of a new administrative method on the northern, western and eastern mountains range of Iran which lasted until the emergence of Mongol invasion. This paper is dealing with Hassan Sabbah's political and military contacts with Seljuqids (1090-1124).

One of the unique and interesting phenomena of the history of Mongols is the ascension of Togha Teimur Khan to kingdom since he was of Juji Qosar's family who himself was a brother of Genghis Khan. According to the political tradition of Mongos, only the offspring of Genghis Khan could become the Khan. While Togha Teimur Khan had a clearer heritage line among those aspiring to be the Khan, he never claimed Genghis Khan as his ancestor; as a result the legitimacy of his government has been questioned by the historians of his time.

Although relations between the two ancient countries; Iran and China, is rooted deep into far centuries, these relations enjoyed distinctive importance in 13th and 14th centuries A.D, i.e. during Mogul period. In that historical period and as a result of the relative integration and relations between east and west Asia, many Iranians migrated to China where several of them occupied high rank political and scientific positions which led to the broadening of Islamic religion in China. Moreover there are, in China, architectural relics remained from that period, specially mosques built according to the Iranian style. A personage named Nasr-ul-deen is one of those Iranians whose tomb is located in the old mosque of Sunjiang city. Who he was? To which period he belonged? And what dignity he enjoyed; in addition to a few other subjects such as the evidences which indicate him as Iranian, his founding the mosque of Sunjiang city or not, and the significances of his engraved tomb stone, all constitute the subject matter of this essay.

After The National Parliament's ratification in 13928, Prof. Ernest Herzfeld in came in the service of Iranian state to teach the subjects: History, Historical Geography and Archaeology. He was ordered by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago to excavate in The Persepolis 1931-34. Herzfeld wanted to cross the Khosrawis Frontier in the west of the country with his own automobile on the 6th Mordad 1312. Twenty seven archaeological pieces from Herzfeld's suitcase were discovered and confiscated by customs officers.

The prosperity and spreading of Shiite is one of the most important religious changes during the mongol reign in Iran. So that it can be considered as a turning point in the process which was ended to permanent formality of this religion in the Safavid era onwards. One of the main events in this connection was the inclination of Sultan Mohammad Uljieto, 8th Ilkhan, to Shiite and his attempts to spread it throughout his realm. But there is no agreement about the duration of this religious change in historical accounts especially on its ending. This article intends to categorize, analyse and evaluate these accounts in order to access a more clear chronological framework.

The enthroning of Mohammad Ali, the Qajarid King, and the start of his dissentions with the constitutionalists eventually led to the shelling of the Iran's parliament by the government forces which tried to put an end to the life of constitutionalism. After this event, a 13-month political period started in Iran which is regarded as the 'short despotism'. This period coincided with the resumption of new constitutionalists' campaigns. It can be said that nearly all social starts had representatives in this overall campaign, and every representative took part in the job of resisting against the despotism of Mohammad-Ali Shad. In this situation, the clergy, especially the spiritual leaders and the religious scholars living in holy places had a leading role. By later called 'clerical activities'. This articles is an effort to clarify these activities.

This paper attempts to re-study and re-read into the life of Ala eddine Mahammad-the Sixth Leader of Nazari Assassins-in Iran. He is the man whose life was full of agitation and unrestness because of Melancholia. On the other hand, as an imam, he was in charge of the leadership of Nazari religion and politics. Therefore, his health of mind and spirit have been analyzed from different approaches, this paper is trying to discuss the causes of his mental and spiritual illness both psychologically and sociologically.

The appearance and development of western modern civilization resulted in its dominance on all the other human civilizations, so it caused a kind of imposition of modernization on all the mentioned civilizations, although any kind of practical measurement regarding modernization represents only its outward aspects. The main and basic aspect of modernization refers to the method of thought and the receiving of modernization concepts and receptions related to it includes some different aspects. The strategy of modernization is the main aspect of its thought. Thus It clarifies both the result, aim and the way of reaching modernization. The findings of this research claim that there were different strategies of modernization from Qajar era to the appearance of constitutionalism, none of them, except their essence, convert to a conquering and directing paradigm in Iranian society. Finally the method of reception and the related strategy turned to a kind of crisis of affairs.

In this paper I will briefly examine a variety of techniques and strategies which teachers can employ in order to persuade and motivate their students. As Domyei (2001: 116) notes, "teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness". Even though there have been a lot of education-oriented publications guidelines, they do not offer an efficient guide to practitioners. Thus, our main goal is to focus on a set of techniques and strategies to enhance foreign language learning.