Iranian Journal of Sociology
Year:2008 | Volume:8 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

The present paper is a comparative- historical study of the relationship between political structure and its change with economic development. It investigates the relationship of political developments with the first (economic) modernization in three countries of Iran, China, and Japan. This investigation has been carried out using a comparative-historical method, and covers the period of 1800-1920. Three important events of this period are the Miji Revolution (1868), the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905), and the Chinese Revolution of 1911. In This investigation a distinction is made between two main political structures. The first one is "patrimonialism" in the cased of Iran and China, and the second one is "feudalism" in the case if Japan. The first structure is considered to have been detrimental to economic progress while the second one did not prevent development of an economic nature. As far as role of world system is concerned, we have used two concepts of political and of economic consolidation. Considering elite's consensus, the elite are divided into four categories of economic, political, social, and cultural. The findings show that the existence of a feudal political structure in pre-Miji Revolution in Japan provided a basis upon which different social classes could form. As a result, when Japan came to clash with the world system, one of the upper classes (the Samurai) separated itself from the main already differentiated power bloc and initiated the modernization. In contrast, the patrimonial structure of power in Iran and China did not allow formation of any uniform of unified social class. Consequently, in the 19th century, when these two societies came to clash with the world system, considering the weakness of a central power, all different social groups carrying various demands entered the public sphere of the society. As a result, both the 1905 Constitutional Revolution of Iran, and the 1911 Revolution of China bed to unrest and chaos.

In this article the effects of scientific communication on scientific activities among the university members of Iran have been studied.Since the decades after World War II sociologists and philosophers of science have noted to scientific communication and posed it as one of modes of knowledge production. They believed that scientific communication can provide suitable condition and facilities for knowledge flows and through its chanels, the scientist can discuss about the basic hypothesis, problems, axioms, of science and pose new idea.In this study, the effects of scientific communication on scientific activity are considered in the light of functional, structural and conflict theories of communication and theory of complex dynamics of communication.In relation to research method and data collection for this study, the depended variable was scientific activities and the independed variables were types of scientific communication. Also the effects of individual factors on scientific activities and scientific communication are regarded as independent variables. The individual factors were: age, sex, education degree (MS, PhD) occupa tion grade (instructor, assistant professor, associated professor, professor), and the place of extraction education degree we use of questionnaire for data Collection.Sample size was 250 persons of chemistry and Physic members in Iran universities.The results of this research confirm our hypothesis and indicated that there are meaningful correlation between scientific activity and the rate of scientific communication. Also, there are correlation between scientific activity and the rate of using communicative instruments, the contex variable for example age ,sex, education degree ,occupation grade ,the place of extraction education degree effects on scientific activity and scientific communication.

This paper aims to consider the social conditions of Iranian society, which is experiencing a twenty-nine-year post-revolutionary period, since 1978. It is a comparative interpretation between a generally modern society and an increasingly modernizing society, such as Iran. Also, it is intended to study the congruity and adequacy of such a modernizing revolutionary society with a certain form of social prevalence of religion as a dominant tradition. In relation to the social presence of religious view (ommission of religion), privatization of religion, conditional presence of religion, and domination of religion in the society as a supra-institution. The concepts used in this article have borrowed from a theologian (Charles Davis) and two sociologists (Peter Berger and Daniel Hervieu-lege). The consequences of sacred society are the most important consideration of the article. Post-revolutionary Iran came to pass some transformations such as social plurality and multiplicity of value systems. Result of this position is crisis of religious socialization. For this reason, author argues that realization of sacred society is not possible. In the other words, it is not proper the situation for continuity of a sacred society. It means social end of sacred society, but not its political end. Alternative option is a pluralist society. In a pluralist society, religion may play a main part with the other ideologies. Sacred society is futureless in post-revolutionary Iran.

After the third wave of Iranian elite emigration spread in Iran, the issues of brain drain and prevention of elite emigration began to be addressed by researchers, writers, and managers in our society, from 1987 on. Mooting fourteen theoretical approaches related to the issue of the elites, this article tries to extract a fundamental and common theory from the studies done inside the country, through a meta-analysis thereof.Having attained the theory of attractiveness and repulsiveness, the present research seeks, in the process of its exploratory studies, to offer solutions congruent with the said theory in order to absorb and retain the elite human capital.This article, also, presents complete descriptive information in the form of the ten methodological components related to the scientific works under study, as well as their four content components.

This article aims to compare the social capital among four groups of in-migrants to Tabriz city - the recent in-migrants; two groups who migrated to the city through the period of 1370 (1996) and 1360 (1980); and the fourth groups is the pre-revolution in-migrants. The data collection for this survey is questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the research includes 12 governmental offices and companies, and the sample group is 347 migrant staffs of those organizations. The results show that the kinship, and personal and ethnic relations and networks have important role in their migratory lives. On the one hand, those relations give valuable information about the destination to those who trying to out-migrate from their home-origin, and on the other hand, support them in the destination to satisfy their material and emotional needs.