RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE
Year:2007 | Volume:4 | Issue:14|Papers Count:16

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the validity and reliability of Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) in secondary and high school students of Tehran. 640 participants (400 boys, 240 girls) in the first stage, 540 participants (370 boys, 170 girls) for the second stage and 180 participants (95 boys, 85 girls) for the third stage selected through cluster random sampling method. Principal component analysis was used to compute exploratory factor analysis, structural equations model was used to compute confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach alpha was used to compute internal consistency and Pearson correlation was used to compute test-retest reliability. The results showed that the PMQ with seven motivational factors had relatively acceptable structure validity and good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Also, TEOSQ had acceptable and confirmed structure validity and internal consistency and test -retest reliability.In conclusion, the Persian version of PMQ and TEOSQ are applicable in educational sport settings to determine motivational factors and goal orientation by teachers and instructors to plan educational programs according to learners I needs.

Improving Westling in Islamic Republic of Iran depends on long-term vision, which emphasize on the necessity for having strategic plan and long-term planning.In general, this plan should be developed due to the weaknesses and strengths of Westling in Iran, and it should be specified by the abilities of federation and Wrestling Associations of different provinces in the country.In the other hand, the possible threuts and opportunities for achieving the objectives of ideal vision are important in developing this plan, which notifies the desirable strategies and policies according to the ingredients of strategic plan and also investing enough attention to Wrestling in developed countries.The main objective of this research is to develop an: deal strategic plan for Wrestling in I.R.Iran with executing comparative studies, analyzing the weaknesses and strengths, and eventually developing strategies and the mission.For collecting the necessary data, 65 experts among the sport managers university professore and executive staff were selected (age 50.6±3.6 years of experiences 24.6±2.8). For comparative studies, the requisite data was collected from 6 countries including Germany, United States of America, Japan, Turkey, Canada and United Kingdom and also the International Wrestling Federation (FILA). For analyzing data, SWOT method and 4x4 matrix was used. In each square of the matrix, one of the effective aspects was applied in the system and it was finally verified and compared with other aspects.The mentioned aspects were human resources, financial resources, technology and information, in which the weaknesses, strengths, and opportunities for the organization were evaluated and the threats were notified in external and internal dimensions and assessed inside and 8 Research on Sport Science. No 14, 2006 outside the organization.After detecting the quadripartite aspects, the Freeman statistical method was used to choose the priorities in each matrix. The existence of scientific programs, modern and developed facilities in rival countries, and sufficient credits were determined as the threats. Organizing regular competitions among clubs and universities, and governmental organizational supports were determined as the opportunities for developing wrestling in I.R.Iran.The verified internal weaknesses were the lack of qualified managers in attention to the scientific principles in training and educating wrestlere, and finally look of merited and qualified coaches.Determining and identifying the internal and external aspects and other effective components in Wrestling was the main purpose of this research; and the findings of this study could be useful planning's with positive effects.

The purpose of this study was to find the effect of a training program for 8 weeks on premenstrual Syndrome in High school non-athlete girls of Ahwaz. The subjects were randomly divided in to three groups, including: "running group" (N =25), "Walking group" (N =25) and "Control group" (N =25). After the pretest and filling the premenstrual syndrome questionnaire and gaining the primarily results, the running group did aerobic running exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions in each week, that each session lasted for 45 mins. Intensity of exercise was 65% of maximal heart rate. The walking group, walked 30 min each day for 5 sessions in each week with normal, fast and slow paces during the 8 weeks. The control group didn't take part in any exercises. After 4 weeks, at the end of the second stage, the samples filled the premenstrual syndrome questionnaire for the second time and so, after 8 weeks for the third time. ANOVA and Tukey test in the level of a£50.05 were used for analyzing data. In the finding of this study, the physical and psychic symptoms of PMS of the walking group had significant reduction. And only in the' physical symptoms of the running group the same reduction was obvious. With this respect, there were significant differences of walking and running trainings on physical symptoms, in which the reduction of physical symptoms of PMS in the running group was greater than the other groups.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic water exercise (AWE) have any effects on somato- phyisiological symptoms of depression (SSD), or not.In this respect, Untrained male college students (n=48 aged= 23.2±2.7 years) with mild depression (score 14-19 in BDI.II) randomly assigned to experimental (n=24) and control (n=23) groups. Before and after 12 weeks (AWE) HPA changes was examined by dexamethason suppression test (DST). Other (SSD) including sleep quality, sense of healthful, sexual desire, apetite, sense of tiredness and havinf desire to do work and activity were assayed as described in Beck depression inventory. Total weight, lean body mass and rest heart rate were measured. Eventually the results showed that plasma cortisol response to dexamethason and appetite had positive but not significant changes, and other symptoms and total grads had significant (P<0.05) change toward improvement (SSD).For the final conclusion, we can say that (AWE) have not effect on PA function but have positive effects on other somato- physiological symptoms of mild depression. Thus (AWE) might be useful for diminishing and improvement of mild depression and prevention of Suppression Test.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise and diet program on body composition variables (BMI, waist and hip circumference) and cardiovascular risk facrors (Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Glucose, LDL, HDL) in delivered women. For this reason 30 delivered women (25-35 years old) were selected in Arash hospital and were divided to three groups randomly (N = 10, in each group): Experimental group 1 (they performed a selective exercise for 8 weeks), Experimental group2 (they performed same exercise + diet protocol) and control group. Experimental groups (1 and 2) performed shuttle run protocol 20 days after delivery (for 8 weeks, 3 times in each week) and 40 days after delivery, they performed abdominal strengthening, pelvis floor exercise and flexibility training (3 times in each week). Experimental group2 had controlled diet with 2300 Kcal daily. Cardiovascular risk factors and body composition parameters were measured as dependent factors in three part of test. The analysis of data with ANOVA showed: There was a significant difference among weight (p=0.007), BMI (p=0.014) and HDL (p=0.000l) in three groups, but there was no significant difference between experimental 1, 2 for weight, BMI and HDL. There was no significant difference among waist and hip circumference, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Glucose and LDL in three groups. Finally, the finding of this study showed that doing physical exercises and have a controlled diet, both, are effective on selective factors in delivered women.

The purpose of this research was to compare and find the relationship between personality traits and the degree of aggression among athletes of selected sports in Hamedan in 2006. The target population of research consisted of 2500 male athletes that experienced selected individual sports (Taekwondo, Boxing, table tennis and Badminton) and selected team sports (Football, Basketball, Handball and Volleyball) for about two years. After the pilot study, 288 athletes were randomly selected as the sample. The collected data were analyzed by Spss through MANOVA, ANOVA and Pierson correlation.Eventually the results indicated there were significant difference in extroversion- introversion and stable-unstable traits between athletes in selected sport fields (p < 0.05), but there were not significant difference in aggression between athletes in selected sport fields (N.S). Also there was significant relationship between extroversion-introversion and aggression traits only in Taekwondo and Volleyball field. And there were significant relationship between stable-unstable and aggression traits only in Taekwondo, Table Tennis, Badminton and Football fields.Finally, the research showed that probably personality traits of athletes may result from their selected sport. But aggression of athletes is not related to the kind of sport and it is probably related to other factors. Also results showed that unstable athletes are more aggressiveness than stable athletes. Thus probably the aggression of athletes is related to their personality traits.

The present study is evaluating the relation of corrective-therapy exercises in hamstring muscles flexibility and consequently the reduction of Chronic Low Back Pain. For this respect, 20 participants were chosen voluntarily among patient suffering from Chronic Low Back Pain and then were divided randomly in experimental and control groups. Participants of experimental group did the exercises for 12 weeks, 3 session per week and 45 to 60 minutes per session. Data were analyzed using Paired Sample T-test and ANOVA. After that, the obtained results from the data were compared with 10 healthy participants without any Chronic Low Back Pain background. Results showed corrective-Therapy exercises have meaningful effects on Chronic Low Back Pain as a result of an increase in hamstring muscles flexibility (p < 0.01). Also, variable meaningfulness was observed in control group (p = .263). Results obtained from inter group and pre/post Test were meaningful (p=000), too. And lastly, SD Test showed inter group difference between research/healthy group (p=000) and control/healthy group (p=00). Eventually it was concluded that after increasing the hamstring muscles flexibility, corrective-Therapy exercises decrease the pain of patients suffering from Chronic Low Back Pain(p < 0.01). Not having meaningful changes in control group, meaningful difference was seen between research and control groups. And, finally It was seen that healthy groups flexibility is meaningful even with these exercises.

In this study, the prevalence, type and the probable causes of sport injuries in Iranian super league man Volleyball players was evaluated. The study was descriptive research and the statistical population was about 160 Volleyball players that were present in Iran's super league in the year 2005. The statistical sample was about 60 mans with at least 3 years experience in Volleyball. The information was gathered using a combined questionnaire by interviewing the Volleyball players and their coaches. During the training and competition seasons, lower limbs with 44% and 46/8 % were the most vulnerable organs to injuries. During training, joint injuries with 46/1 % and during match, muscular injuries with 43/5 % were the most common kind of injuries. During training and match, sprain with 46/8 % and 38/6% was the most common joint injury and spasm with 42% and 37/3 % was the most common muscular injury. During training, fracture with 49/4% and during match, the close fracture with 54/6% was the most common bone injuries. During training and match, fingers with 42/8 % and 44/9 % were the most vulnerable organs of upper limbs, ankle with 33/1% and 38/3 % the most vulnerable organs of lower limb and lumbar with 68/6% and 75% the most vulnerable organs of trunk, head and neck to be injured. During training and match, Sprain with 23% and 20% was the most common kind of injury as a whole. During training, fingers with 15/58% and during match ankle with 17/4% were the most vulnerable organs of all body to get injuries. And each considered probable factors with different effects had caused injuries. The study revealed that body building in Volleyball, ground/surface condition and quality of personal equipment could be important factors to associate with the injuries in this sport. Eventually, it was concluded that fingers, lumbar and ankle are the most vulnerable organs and injuries which are mostly the result of over Research on Sport Science. No 14, 2006 15 using organs with incorrect techniques. Therefore, correcting the techniques might play a considerable role in prevention of injuries.

The purpose of this study was to survey the effects of different mental practice methods in the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill in male students. The research method is quasi experimental. Subjects were 36 Tehran middle school male students, who were all novitiate in the criterion skill (Basketball penalty shoot). They were selected randomly and were assigned into 4 groups with the same homogeny according to their pretest scores and based on their ability in mental imagery. Then they were taught how to perform the criterion skill. They exercised for 8 weeks; 3 sessions per week with 30 trails exercise in each session. A basketball shoot test was used to obtain the scores of pretest and their progression (acquisition, retention, and transfer) in the criterion skill. The scoring of the test was like the one in AAHPERD basketball shoot. To analyze data Kolomogorov-Smirnov test, paired T test, one way ANOVA and Tukey follow up Test were used. Results showed meaningful relation between the training methods and the acquisition, retention, and transfer of the motor skill in the subjects. By using Tukey Test, significant differences were seen among the different composed physical-mental methods of practice, which showed the priority of internal imagery was better than others.