JOURNAL OF SCIENCES (ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY)
Year:2011 | Volume:20 | Issue:78/1 (BIOLOGY ISSU)|Papers Count:14

Introduction: Potato is one of stratigic crops in the world. The production volume this plant in the world has fourth ranked after wheat, rice and corn. Therefore, understanding how to improve its quality of tubers development and controlling factors of tuber initiation and growth is very important.Aims: In the study, the effects of the different concentrations of BAP and sucrose, as inducing compounds of microtuberization, was investigated on microtuberization period, number of microtubers, dry weights and fresh weights of microtubers in the tissue culture conditions.Materials and Method: For study of hormonal and suger treatments, two-stage culture was used. In the first stage of MS liquid medium containing 0.5 mgl-1 BAP, 0.4 mgl-1 GA3, and 20 gl-1 sucrose was used for shoot formation. The single node explants were growing in white light (5000-4000 LUX) on the Shaker, one month. In the second stage, MS liquid induction microtuberization media with different concentrations of sucrose (30, 40, 60, 80 gl-1) and BAP (1, 2, 5, 10 mgl-1) were used in continuous darkness. The microtuberization were investigated within 10 weeks after induction. Results: In the induced media containing low concentrations of sucrose (30 gl-1), the BAP concentrations was of no inducing effect on microtuberization. The increased concentration of sucrose up to (40 gl-1) and only in high concentration of BAP, the microtubers were induced at the end of 4th week with a short delay. However, the microtubers are developed from the change in apical meristem growth pattern and expansion of sub-apical of stolon. Moreover, the microtubers became larger and began to emerge as attached to rhizome with the increase in the concentration of BAP. The increased sucrose concentration was up to 60 gl-1 and even in the low concentrations of BAP, the induction of microtubers occurred within a short delay, during the first two weeks until the sixth week. The microtubers didn't survive in condition room. In high concentrations of sucrose and BAP, in addition of the induction of microtubers until the second week, the average numbers of microtubers were influenced. In induction media containing high concentrations of sucrose (80 gl-1) and BAP (10 mgl-1), the microtubers dormancy and health were more likely. The most ratio of dry weight of microtubers to dry weight of branches was attained in high concentrations of BAP (10 mgl-1) and Sucrose (8%). The media containing the high concentrations of BAP (5 mgl-1) and sucrose (80 gl-1), were of the most number of microtubers, whereas the maximum fresh weight of microtubers appeared in media containing BAP (5 mgl-1) and sucrose (60 gl-1). However, the high concentrations of sucrose along with high concentrations of BAP decreased the induction period and decreased the microtubers induction within two weeks. The increased concentrations of sucrose and BAP, both, were of significant effects on the changes in microtubers' fresh weights. The high concentrations of sucrose were of significant effects on the increase of dry weight.Conclusion: In order to selection of the suitable induction media, not only the number and fresh weight of induced microtubers are to be considered but also other parameters such as health, dormancy period and the proportion of dry weight of microtubers to dry weight of branches should be fully taken into regard.

Introduction: Chrysanthemum maximum Ramond is from the Asteraceae family, whose cut branches are observed in the florists' as well as its plant.Aim: Identifying the constituents of the plant essence in different stages of development, investigating & comparing compounds of Chrysanthemum maximum Ramond.Materials and Method: The selection in different stages of vegetation, pre-flowering & flowering as well as pollen grains & flowers were gathered in the beginning & end of the flowering season in for qualitative & quantitative investigation of essence. The essence of these plants was taken with method of water distillation (for different stages of development) & the method of soaking in n- hexane (for flowers and pollen grains essences were identified by GC & GC/MC systems.Results: The most amount of essence related to the pre-flowering stage, in which 21 compounds were identified. Common compounds & index of developmental stages can be a -pinene & b-caryophyllene. In pollen grains & flowers in the beginning & end of the flowering season, three compounds of sesquiterpens, namely, caryophyllene oxide, b- caryophyllene and spathulenol are observed.Conclusion: GC/MC analyses revealed that sesquiterpens are considered as the major compound essence of chrysanthemum maximum Ramond, and the best time to get more essence is the pre-flowering stage.

Introduction: Sesamum indicum L. belongs to Pedaliaceae. This family has 60 species. Ethiopia is probably the origin of Sesame. Sesame is one of the important oil seed, industrial and medicinal plant.Aim: Gain sterile seedling of Sesame seed, successfully culture of different part of seedlings, determined the best medium for call genesis and organogenesis and compared the growth’ regulating agents for callogenesis and organogenesis.Material and Methods: In this research, in vitro culture of Sesamum indicum L. was investigated in MS media with different hormones such as IAA, Kin, and NAA. Different part of seedlings grown on hormone free such as root leaf, stem, apical meristem were used as explants. Accidentally locks with 3 repeats and I each epeats 4 samples was used. Results: The best media for callogenesis , with considering the size and stability were mediums supplementedwith10 mg/l IAA/2mg/l Kin, 10mg/l IAA/5mg/lKin, 10mg/l NAA/2mg /lKin, 10mg/l NAA/5mg/lKin, 20mg/l NAA/10mg/lKin. Between the explants that used, apical meristem in medium supplemented with 2mg/l IAA/10mg/l Kin after callogenesis and organogenesis, had a highest means of regenerated plantlets, this plantlets have must resistantly in culture medium and in nature in comparison with plantlets from apical meristem in the medium with different concentration of IAA/Kin and NAA/Kin. Leaf explants, also in medium supplemented with 10mg/l IAA/20mg/l Kin, formed complete plantlets. There is no organogenesis in calli from stem and root explants.Conclusion: In different part of seedlings, apical meristem was the best part for plantlets regeneration and MS medium supplemented with 2IAA/10Kin (mgl-1) was the best medium for plantlets regeneration from apical meristem.

Introduction: Most species of Bacilli like Bacillus cereus have the potential to produce antifungal compounds, which are placed in Iturin group, and for this reason these bacteria are one of the most important bacteria which could be used in the biological control of pathogenic plant fungi.Aim: Evaluation of antifungal activity of Bacillus cereus against some pathogenic plant fungi and screening of their antifungal metabolites were the major aim of this research. Material and Methods: In this investigation, a few local and modified isolates of Bacillus cereus bacterium were cultured in nutrient broth medium on 30°C and 100 rpm for 24 hours. Their antifungal activity against Verticillium dahliae ATCC 29091 and Phytophthora infestans ATCC 16981 fungi were evaluated via Agar wells method. Growth and the production of these antifungal metabolites of the screened bacterium in same medium for the factors like carbon source(Glucose, Arabinose, Lactose and Saccharose) nitrogen source(Yeast extract, Peptone, Ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate), pH (~4-6, 7, 8-10) and temperature (26-29°C, 29-32°C, 35-32°C) were optimized. The metabolites were extracted and evaluated in comparison of Iturin A and Surfactin through the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Results: The results indicated that the fungi growth was inhibited. Antifungal peptides of Iturin group, such as Iturin A and Surfactin, were produced in nutrient broth medium with glucose and peptone at neutral pH and 32-35°C. Chromatograms of HPLC were revealed the active compounds by identical peaks with the similar retention time as antibiotic compounds belonging to the Iturin group. Antifungal activity and synergistic effects of Iturin A, Surfactin and antifungal metabolites of Bacillus cereus were evaluated via Agar wells method. The average index of growth suppression of V.dahliae via Agar wells method in presence of 50ml of a suspension of Bacillus cereus, it´s metabolites, Iturin A (1mg/ml), Surfactin (1mg/ml) and the complex of Iturin A and Surfactin were 20, 16, 10, 10, 14 mm, consequently and mixture of the last three treatments led to 24 mm. Conclusion: The results indicate that This bacterium and its components can be suitable candidate for biological control of some plant pathogenic fungi.

Introduction: Capper is a plant with properties, which has a lot of effective application in medicine nutrition, and it can be used as an ornament.Aim: It is still used in traditional medicine in Iran since the importance of plant and lack of availability to the anatomical structure of reproductive organs and stages of ontogeny’s flower in Capparis spinosa has been studied for the first time using current cellular-histological methods and light microscope. In addition structure of pollen grain was in vestigated by Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that.Results: Bract and sepals appear from divisions of residual Initial ring. Stammenal primordium appears from differentiation of lateral zone in Sporangium meristem and germmal primordium appear from median part of it. Ovule was campylotrope or anatrope and pollen grain was prolate and trizonocolporate with 21-23m length with psilate exine or granular (scab rate).Conclusion: Study of vegetative and generative meistem and stages of ontogeny of flower and survey anatomical structure in different organs in this plant.

Introduction: The aerial parts of Salvia sclarea L. (Lamiaceae) are cultivated in many European countries for medicinal and cosmetic purposes.Aim: To determine the antinociceptive effects of Salvia sclarea aerial parts, we investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of the plant in mice.Material and Method: Antinociceptive activity was done using formalin and writhing tests. The ethanolic extract (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. The control groups were administered saline as vehicle of ethanolic extract. Results: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of plant decreased both phases of pain in formalin test. The ethanolic extract exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid induced writhing.Conclusion: The present data indicates that Salvia sclarea aerial parts have analgesic effect on mice and the plant should be considered in future therapeutic researches.

Introduction: Given growing world population, more energy consumption, limitation of oil reservoirs as energy providing sources and increase of fuel price in future, implantation of alternative energy is necessary. Ethanol, a safe and renewable fuel which is mostly produced by yeasts through fermentation of sugars worldwide, is a very suitable substitute. In order to improve ethanol production, the study of physiological yeasts characteristics has been more considered in recent years due to their important role in fermentation and ethanol production. Aim: In this research, attempt was to isolate yeasts from their habitat such as various fruits and fermented food materials, physiological characterization to find the physiologically high potent Strains for using in industrial production of ethanol.Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from different kinds of whey, cucumber brines, yoghourt, raisins, palm, red and white grape and apple, plum, peach. Serial dilution method was used for yeast isolation, followed by purification after morphological investigation. To physiological characterization, their resistance to various ethanol concentrations (1-13)%(v/v) in GPY medium, high osmotic pressure environments, growth in different temperature, fermentation of various sugars, hydrolysis and metabolize various carbon and nitrogen sources and adapting vitamin free mediums were used. Based on these, the best strains were selected and 28S rDNA Ribotyping was used for introducing them. Results: 40 yeasts colonies were isolated and purified. 4 strains named MS1, MS2, MS3, MS5 were selected on the basis of their physiological characteristics. Ethanol resistance of these strains were 12%, 11%, 8%, 6% (v/v) and maximum growth temperature were 42, 37, 40, 37(°C) respectively. All of them grew on high osmotic pressure environments and except MS5, vitamin free mediums. All 4 strains were able to use various carbon and nitrogen sources and fermented glucose, fructose and mannose. Galactose, Sucrose and raffinose were fermented by MS2 and MS3, while maltose was fermented by MS2, trehalose by MS3, Cellobiose by MS5. Identification of MS1, MS2, MS3, MS5 by 28S rDNA Ribotyping revealed 81%, 100%, 99%, 88% similarity with known yeast strains, respectively.Conclusion: 4 Selected strains showed considerable resistance to high osmotic pressure and ethanol in tolerance tests. There is a direct proportional between high tolerance to ethanol and sugar with production of ethanol. So this can be concluded that these strains are useful for efficient ethanol production. Moreover, MS1 strain ability to grow at 42°C, fermenting of various sugars by MS2, MS3 strains and cellobiose by MS5 strain can be helpful for ethanol production. Identification of 4 strains revealed species genus of MS2 and MS3 strains but MS1 and MS5 strains are belonging to new species, genus even higher new taxonomical levels; In this case further investigations are needed.

Introduction: In this study, a method for laboratory production of chemical absorptive oxygen kits was studied (Some kinds of such kits are commercially available with names as Gas Pack system like Aerotest, Difco-Oxoid and etc). The main materials for this chemical package were iron powder, sodium carbonate and citric acid. These compounds should be mixed and homogenize in diatoms soil. Aim: production method of chemical absorptive oxygen kits.Materials and Methods: After determination of suitable proportion of above mentioned components the products and their physical properties were studied by Gas chromatography (GC) and decoloration specific oxygen indicator in especial jar in every step to reach the suitable standards.Results: With changing of effective materials amounts in every step, the O2 concentration is decreased and the CO2 pressure is increased and finally, the most suitable ratio was obtained.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it is possible to produce this kit as industrial product with high quality in Iran.

Introduction: Sexual form of the fungal causal agent of Zelkova trees decline has taxonomically the high importance.Aim: This research was carried out to survey characteristics of the sexual form of the various isolates of the fungal causal agent of Zelkova trees decline isolated from Tooskestan forest area in Golestan province.Materials and Methods: In this order, perithecium s neck length and base width and their ratio for the isolates was measured in vitro. Each of the isolates was cultured on MEA 2% supplemented by Zelkova s woody powdery inclined to two standard isolates including A and B sexual types and maintained at 20°C.Results: The results showed these isolates to have longer neck length (380-540 mm with an average of ca 454 mm) and shorter base width (80-110 mm with an average of ca 97 mm) are distinguished from O. ulmi, current and pathogenic species on elm. An average neck length/ base width ratio of the isolates was also calculated 4.7.Conclusion: The potential using of the perithecium dimensions as one of the important factors to distinguish and identify of aggressive fungus of the causal agent of Zelkova trees decline could be considerable and discussable. This research is the first report of in vitro formation and investigation of the sexual form of fungus O. novo-ulmi isolated from Zelkova trees in Iran.

Introduction: The reduction of fossil fuels and the environmental pollution due to combustion of them, cause the energy and environmental problem and crisises. This is why alternative fuels, especially biodiesel has been considered more than ago. Production sources of biodiesel is plant’s oil and animal’s fat. Therefore it is renewable fuel and in comparison to diesel fuel, produces low level of emission. Biodiesel production from food oil has been proved not to be economical for the sake of market competiveness. Therefore the researchers are traing to find surses not from food oil for the production of this fuels. Aim: Microalgaes having rapid growth and high level of oil yield, can be regarded as a renewable source for biodiesel production.Materail and Method: In this research, Chlorella vulgaris has been used for biodiesel production. Photobioreactor was used for the culture of microalgae. Growing conditions were Temp: 25°C, PH: 6/7 and light intensity: 230m.mol.photon/m2.s. due to hard cell’s wall of this microalgae, initially, it’s wall breaked down by ultrasonic set in 40°C. due to better performance biodiesel production by transestrification at present of straight methylation on microalgae powder, biodiesel extracted by hexane solvent from microalgae’s biomass. Biodiesel compounds determined by GC-mass analyze. Results: Fatty acids with 18 carbon, Linoleic acid, Linoceric acid and Plasmatic acid have been formed 47%, 19% and 20% of biodiesel respectively.Conclusion: Fatty acids with 18 carbon more fatty acid in biodiesel from microalgae. Aithough pure point and cloud point increased because of some saturated fatty acide in biodiesel from microalgea, but because of microalgea fast growth, it can be such a biodiesel producting source.

Introduction: Genus of Satureja consists of 15 species that 9 of them are endemic of Iran and Satureja bachtiarica growth on rocky mountain and it fragrances is same thymegroup plants.14 species of Thymus (thyme),are represented in Iranian flora and Zataria multiflora is a thyme-like plant. This plants is used in traditional folk remedies for its antiseptic, and carminative; tonic, expectorant properties.Aim: In this research Satureja bachtiarica and three genus thyme plants and two ecotype of Ziziphora have Comparetive for antimicrobial effects of essential oils(%4,%5,%6/6,%10,%20) on 4 bacterial and 1 fungal strains for selection the best source of antimicrobial agents.Materials and Methods: Six samples were 1- Zataria multiflora 2-Ziziphora clinopodioides ecotype of Shiraz 3-Ziziphora clinopodioides ecotype mazandaran 4- Thymus pabescens 5- Thymus daenensis 6- Satureja bachtiarica. The aerial parts collected in flowering stage and essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation by Clevenger-type apparatus.Results: Our results indicated the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the Satureja bachtiarica oil was less( lower than %1) against the 4 bacterial strains include Staphylococcus aureus51153, Escherichia coli: 53218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, Streptococcus pyogenes and two fungal include Candida albicans 10231 BBL and Trichophyton mentagrophyton in comparation to other samples. The studies showed Thdaenensis and Zataria multiflora Bioss were in second place and 2 sp. of Ziziphora had the lowest antibacterial activity. Comperation of antioxidant activity (TAC)n indicates highest activity of Thymus daenensis and satureja bachtiarica was in second place and Zizphora of mazandaran had the lawest antioxidant activity in this samples. Conclusion: Finding of the study confirmed that Satureja bachtrica and Thymus daenensis can be used as antimicrobial agents in the development of new drugs for the treatment of infection dieases.

Introduction: The interaction of lomefloxacin (LMF) with human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated by using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic for the first time. Participation of tyrosine and tryptophan groups in LMF-HSA complex is assessed using different excitation wavelengths. At 280 nm wavelength, the tryptophanyl and tyrosyl residues in HSA are excited, whereas the 295 nm wavelength excites only tryptophanyl residues.Aim: The present study investigated the effects of LMF-HSA for determining the number of binding site, binding constant and the binding affinity of LMF and HSA. Materials and methods: Fluorescence spectra were recorded the emission spectra of the free HSA and HAS-drag mixture were measured using the buffer solutions of drug in corresponding concentration as reference.Results: Fluorescence data revealed the number of binding sites, n, the binding constant values, K, and the binding affinity, Ksv, were noticed to be 1.5, 1.22 M-1 and 1.64 M-1 for LMF respectively.Conclusion: Interaction of HSA with LMF led to significant red shift of the protein fluorescence emission band (maximum 10 nm especially at high drug concentration, which indicated that the Amino acid residue Trp214 in the binding pocket has been brought to a more hydrophilic environment and the conformation of the protein has been changed. Circular dichroism spectra show a conformational change of the secondary structure of the protein leading to a loss in its helical content.