MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2002 | Volume:6 | Issue:4(Tome 27)|Papers Count:11

The concept of Geopolitics which in the course of 20 th century has gone through different phases, can be studied in distinct periods to signify the link between geography and politics. Efforts have been made by theorists in these distinct periods to explain changes in the world order structure, and while proposing the effective factors of changes in the world order, they also analyzie the upcoming orientations of this order. In these distinct periods, the traditional concept model of geopolitics as part of imperialistic knowledge dealing with relation between land and politics, was studied by geopoliticians. The relation between geopolitics concept and the ruins Caused by the world wars, led to the nonuse of this term for one or two decades. The outcome of this decline was the seperation of political geography from geopolitics. During the cold war era, geopolitics was influenced by challenges of the two super powers. Following the advent of a new viewpoint as critical geopolitics in 1975, the concept of geopolitics became more susceptible to revival. With critical geopolitics, emphasis has been put on the formation of foreign policy rather than on finding out the impressions of geographical factors. This article intends to study the manner of entering to critical geopolitics arena with a historical - analytical approach.

The participation of youths and teenagers which means involving them in their destinies and making them feel responsible toward it, nowadays is very important in society and scientific associations, so that it is known as the aim and means of development. In order to investigate this matter, it is necessary to know and recognize factors affecting youths and teenagers participation rates. For this purpose, the present research was carried out using analytical explanatory methods with distributing questionnair among villagers and Kerman township youths and teenagers and emphasis on spatial-Local, phychological and socio-economical factors which are affecting their participation rates. The conclusions gained by statictical analysis and also with using variety of tests such as of difference and correlation coefficient, indicate the eagerness of rural youths and teenagers to be involved in participational activities and perform a role in society on one hand and on the other hand. The lack of equipment and facilities, and also their little role in participa-tional activities.

In world droughty regions, precipitation Enhancement through cloud seeding is one of the modem methods for water sypply in this respect. It is possible to succeed through identifying suitable site selection for cloud seeding and wide studies on climatology of cloud. The present research has been performed in southern mountains of Kerman, using the data of clouds in Barn, Baft. miandeh, Kahnouj, Sirjan and Minab stations and also upper atmosphere statiOn of Kerman. Findings of the research show that the most frequencies of occurrence of low clouds and overcast sky are observed in rainy cold months (from December till April especially March) in the region. The highest percentfrequency (60-94%) of height of clouds base with vertical development occur in the range of 2760 to 3760m above sea-level in Kerman, Baft and Sirjan stations. From December till March freezing level is in the lowest height in the range of 2998 to 3473m (ASL), and is closer to the heIght of low clouds base.Furthermore, more than 90% of the mean height of base,of low clouds occurs in above freezing level. Therefore from December till April, the height in which the highest percent of occurence of freezing level and the maximum height of low cloud base occur, have more suitable conditions for the performance of cloud seeding projects in the region.

Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall are the main characteristics of Iran climate. According to present statistics, Iran has had a dry period from 1966 to 1974 and a wet period from 1974 to 1983. In this paper, the mentioned temporal and spatial variations from 1966 to 1998 is calculated and presented. The result of this study indicates the years that the mean of annual rainfall is equal to or more than the total mean are 14 years and the years that the mean of annual rainfall is under the total mean are 19 years. In other words, skewness coefficient of frequency curre of annual rainfall is towards rainfall lower than the mean. The results of zoning of temporal and spatial variations of rainfall, shows 7 spatial patterns and 7 temporal patterns of rainfall throughout Iran.

The estimation of the amounts of precipitation in Qara-sou Drainage Basin is based on the observational data of 21 precipitation gauging stations in the area of the study. The correlation of above named elements with the data derived from the regional geographic factors indicates that using the regional data one can construct ,the final seasonal.and annual precipitation models. The multiple correlation coefficients of 69 up to 82% in interpretation of regional geographical factors in estimating the annual and seasonal precipitation of basin is a good sign of the importance of processing statistical data in climatic studies and the use of geo-climate data. In the present study by using the mean of annual and seasonal precipitation records of the basin stations,.the relation of the geographical parameters including the geographIcal latItude and longItude, the height above sea level, the distance from the mountain and the sea is modeled by multiple variables correlations method and precipitation rate is estimated.

This paper attempts to specify tourism spatial pattern of Esfahan city. The tourism spatial is part of the city which catches the attention of most tourists. The aim of this research is to identify its tourism spatial in relation to social and physical space as well as tourists movement and behavior. The result of this study shows that tourism spatial of Esfahan includes central and historical part of the city.

The literature of urban sociology and geography emphasises the decline of social and moral solidarities as a major characteristic of contemporary metropolitans. In fact, beside various determinative geographic, economic, adminstrative, technological and networking parameters of these places, the metropolitans are socio-spacial center which are facing different sorts of decrease of solidarity according to population growth, development of technological system of labor, and increasing needs of their citizens. The growth of decrease of urban and citizenship solidarities may extremely cause different forms of anomies and beheavioral diseases. It will even cause the formation of urban crimes and also disorder in the collective relationship system and its functions. Increase in the urban crimes statistic, in the beheavioral and psychological anomies, in sub-cultures of the nonhomogeneous social groups, change in the function of family ralationships and finally decreas in the sense of sharing social responsibility have changed the danger of social and moral solidarity decline the a treat to the sofly and constant development of metropolitans. If there is a plan to achieve a fundamental social reconstruction with cultural; moral and directional fundations is the objective of constant development of our metropolitans, it is necessary to clarify why, how and under the influence of which factors social solidarities are declining. The Following paper concerns to study the context of mentioned subject by utalizing sociological and geographicel explanations. However, the study of social solidarity in big cities shows that in recent years the nature of urban development is experiencing some forms of urban disconnections. It is supposed that many reasons cause such a situation. In last periods, the weak spacial strategy was caused metroplitans not be able to expand the sphere of their social solidarities. Researchs show that the cultural lag in terms of social relationships from different point of views had negative and deconstractive outcomes for the human groups. It is supposed that the pose change of this structure should happen when attention is concentrated on the dimention of population, the cultural investment and finaly the change of planning direction toward solving the problem of socio-spacial dimentions of these areas. By using some of the scientific approaches, this writing is produced in order to explain the complexity of human relationships in metropolitans and to provide some ways for more researches in future related to negative outcomes of social solidarities decline in these places.

In arid zone of Iran, there are huge accumulative of sandy hills. The local name of these hills is "Rig". Scientists discussed the reason of this accumulation, which is prevailing wind and topography. But this study shows the local cyclones in warm seasons are the cause of the accumulation. The case study is Band-e-Rig, which is located in Masile depression in south of Qom playa. Variables in this research are sand size, morphology of sandy hills and wind directions. The method of this research is analytic and between three parameters simultaneously a relation is developed by the method of presence and difference. The tools of ihis research are topographic maps and aerial photos. The technique is the comparing field-work data, statistics of daily wind and granolometery of the sand sizes. Results show one local cyclone of low pressure is settled in south of Masile playa in summer. Thus, the wind in the whole Masile depression is blowing to this direction and also to this point. The wind with this direction carried sand to this location and then accumulates the band-E-Rig in east of Kashan.