IRANIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2017 | Volume:14 | Issue:64|Papers Count:19

In order to determination of active compounds such as total phenol and carotenoid contents, and to asses amount of fruit seed oil and its fatty acids composition Dog Rose fruits (Rosa Canina L.) were picked from 4 various ecological regions in Zanjan province in Iran (Zanjan, Tarom, Abhar and Mahneshan) when the fruits were completely developed. Mentioned variable were analyzed with spectrometry, soxhlet and gas chromatography methods, respectively.The results showed that the total amount of phenolic and carotenoid contents varied by ecological factors; with the highest and lowest phenolic values containing 95.30±0.52 and 84.23±0.33 mg of Gallic Acid per gram of dried fruit, from Zanjan and Abhar regions, respectively. The fruits picked from Abhar and Zanjan had the lowest values of carotenoids (aproximately 208mg per 100 gr of dried fruit) while the fruits from Tarom showed the highest value (2.227±2.93 mg per 100 grams of dried fruit). The amount of oil extracted from the Dog Rose fruit seeds was found as 10.6% with the main fatty acids of linoleic, oleic, alpha linolenic, stearic and palmitic acids with different values in various ecological regions.

A polypyrrole (PPy) coated polyester fiber was provided by chemically-deposition of PPy on the surface of polyester fiber in the electrolyte of FeCl3 (as an oxidant) and pyrrole as a monomer. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for characterization of morphology, size and porosity of synthesized polymer. The seed like PPy particles (50-150 nanometers) are observed according to the SEM results. The PPy fiber was employed to extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in sesame samples as an extraction agent. An experimental design was utilized to optimize operational parameters that affect the analysis of VOCs in sesame samples using headspace solid phase microextraction (HSSPME) in the pre-concentration step. Some parameters including, extraction time and temperature were optimized. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used for separation, detection and quantitation of VOCs. Results show that PPy modified polyester fiber is provided fast and easy by chemical method and is suitable for the successful extraction of the VOCs from sesame samples.

Effects of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG) concentration (0, 0.3 and 0.6 wt%) and different processing treatments (freezing, pasteurization and sterilization) on physical and stability of oil-inwater emulsion prepared by whey protein (6 wt%) was investigated. For this purpose, particle size distribution, creaming index, microscopic characteristics, viscosity and flow behavior of emulsions were studied. Results showed that thermal processing increased the particle size of dispersed phase. Results also showed that the damage of membrane surface at high temperature such as sterilization was higher than other temperatures. At low Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum concentration, the emulsions were somewhat more resistant to thermal processes. However, at higher gum concentrations (0.3 and 0.6%), thermal processing did not have a negative effect on the emulsion stability. The viscosity and consistency coefficients also increased with increasing gum concentration. Shear thinning behavior for emulsions at all thermal treatments were also observed. Therefore, adding LPSG to the emulsion could increase its stability to the thermal processing.

In this study, freshness and quality of cultured shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were studied by using some mechanical properties (under shear and compression) during four storage stages (0, 3, 6 and 9 days) with generally used conditions (at temperature of 0oC, in ice). For this purpose, two shearing loading rates of 48 and 144 mm/min were examined. Shear properties including stiffness modulus, yield energy, maximum energy, maximum shear force and total energy and the compression properties including total strain energy, recycle energy, stiffness, hardness, resilience, hysteresis, maximum adherence of exerted force and springiness were evaluated. The parameters of weight with and without skin, volume with and without skin, specific weight with and without skin, and length were considered as some physical properties of the shrimp samples.A factorial statistical design with completely randomized block design was used for data analysis and Duncans’ test was exploited for mean comparisons. Based on the results, effects of the independent variables (storage day, modulus of stiffness) were significant at 1% probability level. Also, hysteresis and total strain energy for storage day showed marked difference at 5% level. It can be concluded that mechanical properties of the shrimp could be used to determine shrimp freshness and use of compression method with modulus of stiffness and shrimp tissue stiffness is the most appropriate approach for this aim. Resilience energy, springiness and stiffness of shrimp tissue continuously reduced by sixth day of storage afterward the parameters tend to increase. This finding demonstrates that the tenderness of the tissue is gradually diminished after harvest.

The postharvest life of bottom mushroom is limited due to bacterial attack and enzymatic browning. This study was carried out in order to increasing the storability of mushroom, by antibacterial and antibrowning components. For that, the mushrooms were treated by oxalic and citric acids at concentration of 1.5 and 2.5 mM, hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 1 and 2.5%, ascorbic acid at concentration of 1.5 mM and calcium chloride at concentration of 1% as dipping for 2 min, and then treated mushrooms were packed in cellophane and stored at 4oC. Weight loss, marketability, electro leakage (EL) and bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) were measured after 8 and 16 days. According to the results, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide controlled browning as compared to control. However, oxalic and citric acids, despite reducing microbial load, did not show any positive effects. Calcium chloride by reducing weight loss, reducing EL and reducing bacterial load, ascorbic acid by reducing EL and reducing bacterial load and peroxide hydrogen by reducing bacterial load tended to increase postharvest life of bottom mushroom.

Dairy industry is one of the most important loop of agricultural food chain and agroindustry that has first rank in market and added value among the other agricultural industries. Studies have shown that insufficient attention to regional differences in dairy industry management and policy making leads to inefficient development policies for this industry in Iran provinces. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explain the current situation of dairy industry and ranking Iran provinces in terms of dairy industry development indices by numerical taxonomy technique. These indices were determined using dairy expert views and reviewing of formal statistics about Iran dairy industry that include: the number of milk livestock, amount of raw milk production, milk price in the market, the number of active milk processing units, the total production of liquid milk, yogurt, cheese, Doogh and ice cream. Based on the results, in this time period (from 2002 until 2012), there is a lack of progress in some indices in Iran dairy industry. Also, Razavi Khorasan and Ilam provinces had the highest and lowest levels of Iran’s dairy industry development respectively. Thus, this study recommended that take attention to provincial differences as well as the ranking of them according to their potential in each of these indices are necessary for decision making and planning for development, investment and management of dairy industry.

According to current statistics, a quarter of the food produced in the world is destroyed after the harvest. These corruption is imported in various stages of production, storage, distribution, marketing, and finally in the consumer goods. Food processing irradiated with gamma rays and maintenance products, quality food to maintain a long period of time. Golden Delicious apple variety is yellow, was purchased from AEOI and then 100 number were collected randomly with an average size (120 to 180 g). Apples were kept for a week in the cold (4oC). Samples were packed in sterile plastic bags, to irradiation. For irradiation of samples was used cobalt-60 source (Gama-cell 220). Samples doses were zero (control), 0.5, 2 and 5 kGy of irradiation, then were stored for 4 days at 4oC. Apple sheets with a thickness of 4 mm was cut cutting products in three at 50, 65 and 80oC dry test was carried out using the oven. According to the study, irradiation of food, chemical and physical properties of apples maintain. With increasing irradiation dose and temperature drying oven, moisture content in the samples of moisture loss and weight loss increases. The main effect of irradiation dose and temperature drying on the index at the level of 0.05%, significant. By increasing the drying temperature in the oven, the rise because of this phenomenon, the moisture content of the tissue sample and is in the process of shrinkage. Finally, with increasing radiation dose drying temperature, water absorption capacity increases. So the method of irradiation and finally drying with appropriate temperature drying can be used to preserve food quality.

Along with the increase in pizza cheese production and consumption, identifying the trends of altering the functional properties of this product in order to control its quality is becoming very important. In this study, the changes in Functional properties of processed pizza cheese and low moisture mozzarella cheese samples collected from local manufactures in Khorasan province, Iran were analyzed. Three samples of commercial processed pizza cheeses and one commercial low moisture Mozzarella cheese as well as a sample of processed pizza cheese prepared according to the formulation previously optimized in our laboratory, were collected and stored at 4oC in vacuum packages until the day of experiment. Functional properties of all samples such as stretch length, max load, oiling off and meltability were measured and analyzed in days 0, 14 and 28 after production. In general, Statistical analysis showed that storage time had a significant (p≤0.05) effect on all measured properties, so that the stretch properties of low moisture mozzarella cheese and all samples of processed pizza cheese were decreased significantly (p≤0.05) during the storage period, whereas meltability and oiling off, follow a significant increase in trend. None of the properties evaluated were out of their standard and acceptance levels at the end of the shelf life, Therefore, it is concluded that the storage of pizza cheese in the fridge instead of freezer up to one month after production is suggested to be an alternative to protect the product from the damage caused by freezing and defrosting while maintaining the quality of the product at the end of the shelf life. The efficacy of TPA and image processing techniques in the measurement of functional properties (stretchability, oiling off and meltability) of pizza cheese samples was also confirmed in this study.

In this study, the effect of different solvents (water, acetone, ethanol and hexane) on extraction yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of peapod extract were investigated. The maximum extraction yield was obtained by using water (16.57±0.94%), ethanol (3.02±0.43%), hexane (1.07±0.02%) and acetone (0.98±0.01%), respectively. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The maximum total phenolic content was obtained using ethanol (12.12±0.19 mgGAE/g) followed by acetone (10.03±0.12 mgGAE/g), water (1.61±0.05 mgGAE/g) and hexane (0.72±0.05 mgGAE/g). Antioxidant activity of extract was determined using Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays. The maximum antioxidant activity determined using DPPH method was obtained by using ethanol (81.96±0.15%), acetone (65.94±1.33%), water (48.04±0.17%) and hexane (41.54±0.19%), respectively. The maximum antioxidant activity determined using H2O2 method was obtained by using ethanol (7.65±0.12%) followed by acetone (3.33±0.13%), water (1.41±0.07%) and hexane (1.94±0.35%). Finally, it could be concluded that ethanolic extract compared to other solventshad the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of edible Whey protein-monoglyceride coating on the quality characteristics of fish finger of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix during refrigerated storage. Fish fingers were immersed separately in coating solutions of 5% whey protein concentrate (WPC) - 1.5% Monoglyceride, 10% WPC - 2.5% Monoglyceride and 15% WPC -3.5% Monoglyceride then packed and stored in refrigerator (4oC). Chemical (pH, PV, TBA), microbial parameters (TVC, PTC) and sensory analysis were measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. The results showed that the pH content decreased and peroxide value and thiobarbitoric acid were significantly increased (P<0.05) with increase of storage time. The total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic count (PTC) of fish fingers were significantly increased (P<0.05) during refrigerated storage. Results of sensory analysis indicated significant reduction in sensory characteristics of fish fingers during storage. According to results of this study, it can be considered that fish fingers coated with 10% WPC - 2.5% Monoglyceride solution was more effective than the other treatments and increased the shelf life of fish fingers for 3 days.

In this study the effect of Biopolymer/Saqez resin (SR) particle composites which were prepared by incorporating micronized SR particles alone and in combination with egg white, inulin, WPC and sodium caseinate biopolymers in yogurt gel matrices was evaluated. Microscopic observations were conducted to determine the structural features of the SR composites. The findings were combined with data on textural properties, syneresis and pH values to discuss the physicochemical properties of the yogurt gels, which differed substantially depending on the type of biopolymer involved in gel network structure development. A mechanism is put forward to explain the role of SR particles as filler materials of biopolymer gel matrices that can improve physicochemical properties of yogurt and its stability during storage time if incorporated with adapted biopolymers and if applicated alone doesn’t have good interaction with yogurt network. Among all used biopolymers Inulin and Egg white biopolymers have best inetractions with saqez resin and inhibited from flocculation of resin, in comparison with control samples (INY & EGY) they increased hardness and consistency at least 10 and 13% respectively, decreased seneresis at least 2% and pH maintained constant in storage time.

Increasing manufacturers demand to replacing synthetic gums with natural and native intergradient, created the idea of this study. The aim of this research is to evaluate the properties of oil in water emulsions in the presence of the Lepidium sativum seed gum and its stability and/or emulsifying behavior. Surface and interfacial tension, particle size, zeta potential, creaming index and rheological properties such as viscosity, consistency coefficient and flow behavior index were measured. Lepidium sativum seed gum used as 0-1% (w/v) proportions. The lowest surface and interfacial tension were obtained for the concentrations of 1 and 0.5% respectively. Particle size decreased with increasing quantities of gum expect for 1% concentration. At 0.25% concentration for aqueous solutions and 1% for emulsions, zeta potential showed the most negative values. Non-Newtonian and shear thinning behavior for all emulsions containing gum were observed. Every emulsions were stable during 28 days.

The purpose of this research was to encapsulate the bioactive compounds of saffron (colour, taste and aroma) in order to manufacture a high-economic-value product. For this purpose, the effect of different bio-polymers, Maltodextrin, Whey protein and Gum arabic on the stability of microencapsulated bioactive compounds of saffron with the spray dryer was evaluated. The result showed that the encapsulation efficiency and the amount of saffron compounds were highly affected by type of biopolymers, relative humidity and temperature during the drying process and storage. The picrocrocin and safranal content in microcapsules prepared with whey protein were at the highest compared to the other wall materials, whereas in the case of colour strength, maltodextrin showed better protection for the crocin. This research suggested that the microcapsules containing maltodextrin has a better quality in terms of both efficiency (mass production) and protection of bioactive compounds among other wall materials (whey protein and gum arabic) and can be recommended to the industry. At all the temperature examined, as the relative humidity increased, the loss rates of crocin, safranal and picrocrocin rose and reached its maximum at 75% relative humidity. The results showed that with increasing temperature and humidity, particularly at 45oC and 75% humidity, the spherical from (morphology) of micro-capsules has been changed and the number of cavities and dents widely increased. Also as the relative humidity increased, glass transition temperature of maltodextrin decreased.

Production of imitation dairy products is one of the novel accomplishments in dairy industries. Imitation dairy products range from complete dairy substitutes, with no dairy ingredients, such as soy milk, to products that have a high percentage of dairy ingredients, contain some non-dairy constituent. These products are appeal to manufacturers and consumers in terms of economical and nutritional features, however, it must be noticed the imitation dairy products must be resemble in terms of apparent, sensory and textural attributes as much as possible to real dairy product. Cheese is the product which is produced in high amount but also other dairy products such as butter, types of cream, yoghurt, milk, milk powder, infant formulae and concentrated milks are produced as imitation dairy products. Imitation dairy products alike of every novel and synthetic products have encountered with pro and con. In this article, in addition of introduction of this products, we decided deal to agreeable and against aspects about of them.

Iran is one of the main date palm producers in the world. Date waste was increased, so research around using date products such as syrup, sugar and spread was increased. In this study sucrose replaced with date syrup in Kooshab and physicochemical, rheological and organoleptic properties were studied during 6 months. In this study, various levels of sucrose and date syrup were used for the production of Kooshab, and their effects on physicochemical and sensory properties were studied during 6 months. The SPSS19 software was used for analysis of the data, the statistical test being the Duncan’s test. According to results during 6 months acidity and Brix were constant. Nonalcoholic Kooshab in which the date syrup was used generally have a significant difference (p<0.05) in reducing sugar, color and viscosity with control sample. Samples with 75%, 50% and 25% date syrup have significantly difference with control sample in total sugar, however there was no significant difference between sample with 100% date syrup and control sample. According to sensory results, beverage with 75% date syrup exhibited the highest overall acceptability. Beverages which date syrup used instead of sugar have a desirable characteristic and indicate that substitution of sugar by date syrup didn’t leave any undesirable effects.

In this study, hazelnut kernels were dried in an infrared dryer with microwave pretreatment. To determine the optimization conditions of the hazelnut samples, response surface methodology and central composite design were used to investigate the effect of temperature levels (45, 65 and 85oC), infrared power levels (500, 1000 and 1500 W) and microwave power levels (270, 450 and 630 W) on drying of hazelnut kernels. The adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models (Lack of Fit and R2) were checked with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surfaces and contour plots were created to show the interaction between the independent and the response variables. Based on the experiments, the optimum conditions for the highest values of effective moisture diffusivity and L* (color index) and the lowest values of consumption energy, shrinkage and a*, b* (color indices) were determined at air temperature of 45oC, microwave power of 470.86 W and infrared power of 1316.72 W. The optimum values of the response variables affecting the effective moisture diffusivity, consumption energy, shrinkage, L*, a* and b* were obtained 2.35×10-9 m2 s-1, 2.65 kWh, 12.94%, 54.10, 14.97 and 16.70, respectively.

To prepare of desirable cereal products with low waste, the wheat flour should have good quality. In this research, improve the quality of wheat flour by determination of mixing ratio of Morvarid (Kordkoy area) and imported Bezostaya wheat varieties to determine the use in bakery industries was investigated. At first, chemical characteristics of flour produced from Morvarid and Bezostaya varieties including moisture, ash, protein, wet gluten and falling number are measured. Then, by adding the Bezostaya to Morvarid variety at 15 and 30 percent (w/w wheat) the flour samples are prepared. In the next step, chemical characteristics of these samples are determined and compared by national standard value in Iran. The result indicated that increasing Bezostaya variety to Morvarid from 15 to 30 percent, the protein and wetgluten content in the flour is increased. Moisture, ash and protein of all samples were confirmed with accept able limit of national standard in Iran, but confectionery flour of Bezostaya wasn’t confirmed. Also, significant difference (P<0.05) was seen in the falling number of produced flour which was higher than the limit of national standard of Iran. Regarding to content of moisture, ash, proteinand wet gluten, the sample with 30 percent Bezostaya was offered as the best treatment to use in bakery and confectionery product.