Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2011 | Volume:15 | Issue:59|Papers Count:9

The reality of today's international trading, imperfect competition and economies of scale resulting from show that a host country exporter, is also an importer of goods and services in which she has a comparative advantage. In other words, there is a bilateral trade based on Intra Industry Trade (IIT). In this article, IIT and its relationship with the comparative advantage of economies has been discussed. IIT as an index measuring the degree of globalization of economies during 2006-1997 in terms of two-digit (HS) has been calculated. The results indicate low volume level of IIT in trade with the world. Also, the results of estimating the model show a significant positive relationship between IIT and Revealed Comparative Advantage in the Iranian Economy.

In this paper, after rereading business institutional environment determinants, insecure and worry feelings of investors and persons who are doing business in Iran, will be measured through some objective variables. Then, using the results of this paper and World Bank studies different hypothesis for comparing business institutional environment determinants in Iran and two reference societies (i.e. developed countries and whole the world) will be tested. The results of these tests show that the determinants which form business institutional environment in Iran, almost in all the cases, are worse than developed countries and whole the world.

In this paper, Cross Data Envelopment Analysis (CDEA) is used to calculate efficiency of change in the Chinese economy from traditional to knowledge-based economy. For this purpose, at first, the effective input/output indices of a knowledgebased economy are developed and introduced. Then, each index's relevant data for a period of 30 years (1978-2007) which include the Chinese economic transition from a traditional to a knowledge-based one, is compiled and the economy efficiency for each year of the said period is calculated through DEA model. Finally, calculated efficiency of each year is compared together. Due to the rather long period of time, which decreases the reliability of such comparisons, the CDEA method to calculate efficiency is used in these years, too. The results of the applied model show efficiency in traditional economy was 54% in China. With change to knowledge-based economy, it improved to 94%. Based on the fact that Iran is transferring from traditional to knowledge-based economy as well, which has been emphasized in both “the Third and the Forth 5-years Development Plans”, comparison of efficiency transition from traditional to knowledge- based economy in China presents new ideas which will be useful in our planning and decision making efforts.

Oil price and exchange rate volatility are the most important factors in GDP fluctuations in all countries, particularly in oil exporting countries. This paper investigates the effects of oil price shocks and real effective exchange rate volatility on economic growth in oil exporting countries. In addition, the effect of uncertainity resulting from oil price shocks and exchange rate volatility on economic growth has also been examined. GARCH (1,1) model has been used to extract uncertainity series. The estimation method used is Vector Autoregressive (VAR) based on cointegeration technique. Model is estimated separately for the four oil exporting countries Algeria, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela for the period 1980- 2007. Based on estimation results, there are long-run relationship between oil prices, exchange rate and GDP in these countries. In these countries, long-run relationship between oil prices and GDP growth is positive in all four countries. Also long-run relationship between exchange rate and GDP growth in all four counties is negative.

One of the major projects in the economic reform plan is settlement of distribution system. The main objectives of this project is to organize the distribution of goods, continuous monitoring of distribution, reducing transaction costs and improving efficiency in the distribution industry. In this context, the main purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the performance of distribution companies. According to definition, efficiency in economic literature means maximum output with definite amount of input or minimum input with definite amount of output. Today, two methods are used for efficiency evaluation that contains; 1) parametric method 2) non parametric method. In this essay, according to nonparametric method that is based on mathematical programming methods, efficiency of Wholesaler businesses in 2008, with two assumptions (constant return to scale and variable return to scale) is evaluated. Results show that under first assumption; Wholesaler businesses Razi, Beh Pakhsh, Sanaye Morgh Madar Iran, Pakhsh Pegah, Saie Saman, Parnian Mahyar and Pakhsh Alborz have the most efficiency and the efficiency average is 58%. In according to second assumption; Wholesaler businesses Ghasem Iran, Sahamie Am Kaf, Daro Pakhsh, Pakhsh Hejrat, Pakhsh Ferdos, Henkel Pak Vash, Pakhsh Pishgam, Kimia Pakhsh Fam, Jahan Dam daro, Darosazan Iran, Poyshe Alke, Livar, Dampezeshkan Amin and Zarin 6 Iranian Journal of Trade Studies Pakhsh Nasr join the efficients and that efficiency average based on this assumption is %71.

Experience about trade liberalization and expansion in different countries, show that this policy can have be different impacts in different countries with different social, economic and institutional structures. So institutions affects the influence of international trade on economic growth. Accordingly, this study investigates the effect of international trade on economic growth with due attention to the social and institutional structures of each country with good governance index. The utilized model is the combination of Winhold dynamic model (1993) and Chen and Gupta model (2006) and study 57 countries during 2000-2009. Also in order to studying these countries exactly, it classifies countries to three categories: Low institutional quality, middle institutional quality and high institutional quality. Results indicate a positive relationship between trade and economic growth, with due attention to the efficiency of institutions in any society. Countries in which governance is good, international trade is effective on economic growth, but in countries in which governance is not good, the relationship is inverse.

Today globalization has emerged as a well-known phenomenon, so it is necessary to recognize different dimensions of globalization. Since there is no consensus on the effects of globalization on income distribution, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of globalization on income distribution, using panel data, for selected developing countries covering the period 1985-2004. Results show that inequality and per capita income levels are related in a cubic functional form. This finding does not contradict the Kuznets hypothesis, but extends it. There are inverted U-shaped relationships between income distribution to foreign direct investment, openness ratio and integration of international trade.

The Obligation to disclose essential information is important either in theoretical and practical approach. This means that in order to enjoy the necessary knowledge to achieve decision-making and formation of contract, the information that is effective to create legal consent should be revealed to the opposite side. In Franchise agreement; violation of this obligation that is one of accessories and necessities in good faith negotiation process, contract conclusion and implementation of contract have a great effect on relations of the parties to the contract. This article also analyzes purview and remedies of the violation of that obligation in Iranian legal system.