Year:2008 | Volume:13 | Issue:2|Papers Count:31

Walnut propagation by seed produced a large number of natural hybrids with varation characteristics and clonal propagation of this plant is difficult. Walnut grafting is affected by xylem exudation and phenolic compound and Structural hormones play an important role in graft success and Survival of grafting plants. In this study the effect of phenolic compounds and structural hormones on Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) grafting success were evaluated. Three grafting season (March, June and Agust ) and four Walnut cultivar (K-21, K-28, OR-37 and OR-39) were used. Two grafting methods (omega bench grafting and patch budding).Were tried in controlled and non-controlled condition on 1 and 2 year old walnut rootstock. The highest grafting success (71/1%) was obtained from Agust graft from patch budding and march grafting success was low. The realation between Juglon and Auxin level and callus formation and grafting success were discussed. consequeutly a negative relation between graft success ration and joglon content and positive relation between Auxin leval and graft success was found. In adition effects of structural hormones were biologically tested with Coleoptile development, and a positive relation was found between the graft success ration and coleptile development.

In recent years, anthracnose disease of citrus trees in Mazandaran province causes heavy loss in some citrus commercial varieties. This disease spread out in the citrus orchards of this province. In other to isolation and identification of causal agent or agents of the disease, rate of infected areas and susceptibility evaluation of important and introduced citrus varieties in n0l1h of Iran, sampling was done from infected orchards at random during2004-2005. In lab, samples were cultured on PDA medium.Of 119 samples, 96 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated. Based on morphological and some physiological characters and growth optimal temperature, all isolates were identified as colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Pathogenicity severity tests with selected isolates were done on detached branches and two-year old Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Unshio mandarin (Citrus unshio Marcow) scions in laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. The results showed that all isolates were pathogenic on two original cultivars. There were significant differences at a=%1 among virulence of isolates.Study of relative susceptibility of various citrus cultivars including orange varieties Thamson navel (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Valencia, Hamlin (C sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and mandarin varieties, Page (C reticulata Blanco), Unshiu, Clementin.(C. reticulata Blanco), Ponkan (c. reticulata Blanco) and Sweet lime (C limettioides Tanaka) and Sour orange (C aurantium) in laboratory and greenhouse showed that Page mandarin and Thamson navel orange were more susceptible and tolerant, respectively.The results of lab. and greenhouse tests were like each other’s.

This research is study about contexts and approaches of strategic management development for agricultural and natural resources education; in IRAN. This study is an applied research and is done by descriptive and correlation method; also there are exam med about 36 managers of natural resources education in our country.The sampling method was as census that has been done in a field method by questionnaire.The results of correlation coefficient shows that there is a positive and significant relation between the education levels of managers and their use of strategic management indicators for agricultural and natural resources education.In case of agricultural and natural resources education, there is a reverse and significant relation among centralized and uncompromising policies for training, many applicators for agricultural and natural resources education, lack of experts and subject matter specialists for agricultural and natural resources fields, lack of continual studies and research’s about educations all matters, indistinct of investment from agricultural gross production in fields of educational designs, low literacy of farmers, lack of enough information related to opportunities, threats and future, lack of financial and moral inducement among educational staff, small production units and agricultural utilization by considering the strategic management indicators. Also there are no significant relations with usage of strategic management indexes for agricultural and natural resources education. among many variables such as age, managerial records, and lack of agreement among education responsibilities to strategic plans, lack of effective relation among study, expansion and education, dispatching no experts to negotiate with educational centers worldwide, lack of huge investment for educating, lack of equipped centers and data banks for educating, no rules for collaboration among education factors, low literacy of education staff, cultural problems for farmers and users of natural resources, lack of financial facilities for education section, deficiency of supervision and evaluating the practical results of strategic planning for education; there is no significant relation with the variable of the size of using the strategic management indicators in agricultural and natural resources education.The results of contemporary effects of independent variables on dependent variables through multivariate Regression shows that variables such as: lack of financial and moral inducement among education staff, centralized and uncompromising policies for education, lack of continual studies and research about educational affairs, small production units and agricultural and natural resources utilization, deficiency of experts in fields of agriculture and natural resources, have the most negative influences on using the strategic management in fields of agriculture and natural resources that there must be considered the essential preparations.

Antixenosis is defined as a resistance Populus mechanism affecting pest establishment on their host plants. In this study, antixenosis mechanism were evaluated in ten poplar clones belonging to four species named, P.alba, Pnigra, P.deltoides and P.euramericana, against poplar stem aphid, Pterocomma populeum in laboratory condition in the year 2005. The study was carried out with four different experiments.Poplar cuts of each clone were provided from Alborz Research Center of Karaj. The length and diameters of poplar cuts were 20 and 1-1.50 centimeter respectively. In the first experiment a single cut of every poplar clone along whit two aphid-infested cuts were wrapped together with an elastic string. The bunch was then placed in plastic jars.The height and diameter of the jars were 22 and 14centimeter respectively.24 and 48 hours after aphid release, the number of established aphids on every clone's cuts were counted and recorded. In the second experiment the cuts of the clones were bounded around a cylindrical stick (3 cm diameter) with an elastic string and a Petri dish 3.5 cm diameter was placed on it. About 50 wingless aphids were placed in the Petri. The third experiment was similar to the second one, but, 50 alate aphids were released in the Petri dish. The fourth antixenosis experiment was done using an olfactometer. Fifty adult aphids were released in central container of the olfactometer. After 24 and 48, the number of aphids setteled on each clone cuts in lateral containers of the olfactometer were counted. Every experiment was replicated 10times. Statistical analysis revealed a significant differences (P<0.000) between tested clones in every four experiments.Comparison of means showed that numbers of aphid setteled on Populus nigra betolifolia and P.euramericana triplo clones were highest and lowest respectively.Other clones exhibited moderate level of aphid preference. All of the four experiments showed consistent results.

Surface erosion map is one of the basic maps in erosion and sediment studies which is prepared based on soil surface apparent in an area. For preparing soil surface erosion map, a study was down in Kan-Sologhanand Jajroud basins of Tehran, Iran.Different data layers were integrated in GIS. For this purpose' at the first stage, working unit maps were prepared from: A) plant cove, geology and slope B) land-use, geology and slope C) land-use, rocks resistance to erosion and slope and D) land-use, rocks resistance to erosion and resources evaluation and lands capability (land units) in Kan-So10ghan basin. For comparing the effectiveness of 4 working unit maps, 53 control points were investigated. Results showed that maps A, B and approximately map C are not suitable maps for differentiating soil surface erosion. Map D include of 6 units in which 66.6 and 78.5% of control points had the same intensities of surface erosion in two units and had similar surface erosion in other four units. At the second stage, D working units map was compared with three other maps of E) land units F) rocks resistance to erosion and G) image photomorphic in a broader basin of Jajroud.Surface erosion intensities in 314 control points were controlled and actual surface erosion map was prepared by Thiessen method and using satellite imagery. Surface erosion map was crossed with different working unit maps. Results showed that the highest accuracy was related to the images with 86.4% accuracy applicable to actual surface erosion. Accuracy was 78.9, 66.1 and 59.1 percent for methods of D, E and F, respectively.Root Mean Squared Error was highest for rock resistance map and the least for images interpretation method. The greatest precision was related to image interpretation with coefficient of Variation of 19.9%, while land units map had the highest coefficient of variation of 38.8%. This was 26.2 and 35.9 percent for of integrated layers and rock resistance maps.

Data on 1253 records of Kemani lambs, collected from 1993 to 2004 by the Kermani Sheep Breeding and Rearing Station located in Sharebabak, were used to estimate genetic parameters of birth weight, weaning weight and average daily gain from birth to weaning.Variance and covariance components and genetic parameters were obtained with six different animal models using Restricted Maximum Likelihood procedure.Likelihood ratio tests were conducted to determine the most appropriate model for each trait. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated through multivariate analysis using the most appropriate model obtained from univariate analysis.Comparison of different animal models indicated that maternal additive genetic effects was important for birth weight and maternal permanent environmental effects for weaning weight and average daily gain from birth to weaning.Estimates of direct additive genetic correlations were positive and moderate to high, ranging from 0.39 (between birth weight and average daily gain from birth to weaning) to 1 (between weaning weight and average daily gain from birth to weaning). The corresponding estimates for phenotypic correlations were lower than the genetic correlations.The results of this study indicated that the maternal effects were important sources of variation for the early growth traits of Kermani sheep breed and thus their ignorance will be led to biased estimates of direct additive genetic variance and their corresponding heritabilities.

The rearing performances of six different Iranian silkworm hybrids including 151x152, 151x110-32, 151x154, 103x104, 31x32 and 107x110 were investigated under standard as well as warm/humid, warm/dry and temperature fluctuating rearing conditions.Four climate treatments (each in three replications) were employed for 3rd molted larvae during two rearing seasons of spring and early autumn at 2004. The obtained results revealed significant effects of environmental conditions on inspecting traits.The hybrids of 151x152 showed the highest value of good cocoon percentage (76.26) significantly. Middle cocoon percentage was also lower in this hybrids (18.52) compare to others. Therefore the hybrid of 151x152 can be declared for high quality cocoon production. The values of larval mortality were higher in 103x104 (6.2%) and 31x32 (5.09%) and lower in 151x110-32 and 107x110 (2.85). The hybrids of 103xl04 and 31x32 also showed the highest pupal (13.13 and 12.96% respectively) and total mortalities (17.76 and 16.86% respectively). The fluctuation of temperature left no effect on cocoon weight reduction in hybrids of 151x 110-32, 31x32 and 107x 110, while caused great raise in cocoon weight of 103xl 04 hybrid. The weight of cocoon shell in hybrids of 151xllO-32 and 103xl04 did not fall because of temperature fluctuating rearing condition. In case of humidity enhancement, only the hybrid of 151x154 showed decrease of cocoon shell weight while this character showed no significant difference in humid and dry rearing condition for other hybrids.

For introduction of foreign genes to main crops such as rice, we need an efficient and reproducible regeneration system yielding fertile plants from transformed tissues.For this intention, we established the best callus induction medium for Tarom mahalli and Deilamani cultivars and created the method that the regeneration frequency was reached to 49%. Callus was initiated from mature embryos of this cultivars on MS medium supplemented with 3 level of 2, 4-D (2, 2.5 and 3 mg.1-1) and N6 medium supplemented with 5 level of 2, 4-D (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 mg..1-1)). We analyzed this data with CRD design, the number, mass and morphology of the callus formed on the scutellum were dependent on the medium used. As a result, for both cultivar the best medium were MS supplemented with 2 mg.-112, 4-D. In subculture media, sucrose was used instead of maltose. For determining of best media for Regeneration of plantlets, we stabilished factorial experiment with 3 factor: regeneration media (6 level): MS medium supplemented with 5 amount of kinetin and: NAA (mg.r) [(6& 2), (4& 2), (2& 0.5), (3& 1), (2& 1) respectively] and 0.2 mg.-1 2, 4-D and 2 mg.1-1BAP, carbon source with 2 level (sucrose and mannitol) and genotype with 2 level (Tarom mahali and Deilamani). rice calli were dehydrated with two layers of filter paper for 30 minutes (prior to transfer to the regeneration media). As a result, the best regeneration medium for both cultivar is MS suplemented with 3mg.1-1 Kin, 1 mg.1-1 NAA and mannitol as a carbon source.

In orde to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, yield and yield In order Components of red bean Cultivars under different Planting densities, an experiment was conducted at Karaj Seed and Plant Research Institude in 2002 using a randomized Complete block design with four replications. Combinations of two Cultivars, Naz (indeterminate habit) and Akhtar (determinate habbit) and four planting densities 20, 30, 40 and 50 Plants/mz were considered as experimental treatments. Number of pods and seed per unit area, seed yield (m-2), weight of hundred seeds and harvest index werenot influenced by plant population The seed yield (3260 Kg/ha) was equally obtained in different densities. Number of seeds in pod and seed protein percentage significantly decreased as plant population increased. Number of pods and seed per unit area and yield (mo-2) were significantly affected by cultivars, and Naz was Superior in respect of these characteristics. Naz produced higher seed yield (3585 Kg/ha) than Akhtar (2935 Kg/ha). But Akhtar produced higher hundred seed weight than Naz.Number of seeds per pod and harvest Index weren't influenced by cultivars.Final height, dry weights of leaves at all samplings, total plant dry weight (mo-2) at the start of pod filling and at maturity and harvert index were affected by density x cultivar interactions.

In order to evaluate the effects of seed amount and planting different ratios barley-vicia intercropping on forage yield, a factorial experimental based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2001 and 2002 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil (Hansan barong). Factors were: seed amount (75, 150 and 225 kg/he) and six levels of planting barley with vicia (0: 100, 20: 80.40: 60, 60: 40, 80: 20, 100: 0).The results analysis of variance for each year and combined analysis of variance for two years experiment showed that with increasing seed amount forage yield increased but it amount in 2002 was the higher than 2001.Combined analysis of variance indicated significant differences between levels of planting, Means comparisons showed that the highest of forage yield was obtained at ratio of 40: 60 with seed amount 250 kg/he and land equivalent ratio was 1.26.

In order to study of agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components of different safflower genotypes, a field study was conducted at research field of Karaj Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, using randomized complete block design with four replications during 2003-2004 growing season. Seven genotypes were compared.Number of seed per head, number of head per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, seed oil percentage, number of axillary branches and harvest index were investigated. Results indicated that for increasing seed oil, at first, must increase seed yield. This character depends on biological yield and number of head per plant.Seed yield was significantly and positively correlated with the following traits: oil yield, number of head per plant, 1000 seed weight, number of axillary branches, biological yield and harvest index; on the other hand, there existed negative significant correlation between number of head per plant and seed oil percentage, oil yield and number of seed per head. Also, 1000 seed weight was negatively correlated with number of seed per head. For selection of a genotype, traits such as high yield, high oil, early maturing, great height are main indices; thus in present study, L.R.V.51.51 genotype including above mentioned characteristics is suitable and adaptive for planting in Karaj region.

In order to investigation of water deficit in end of growth stages on quantitive and qualitive of yield in spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes, a field experimet was conducted in split-plot design as base of randomized complete block design with four replications at field experimental of Seed and Plant Improvement Institue, Karag in 2003/4. There were two factors, irrigation at two levels as irrigation after 60mm evaporation from A-class pan and drought stress as no irrigation from pod formation stage) as main plots and spring genotypes in ten levels as sub plots. Result showed that genotypes of option 500, 19-H, Eagle and comet with average 4725, 4567, 4467 and 4419 (kg/ha) arrange, have the most yield in normal irrigation conditions.Also genotypes of Eagle, Sw 5001, Hyola 420, option 500 and 19-H with average 3889, 3863, 3831, 3731 and 3708 (kg/ha) arrange, were better cultivars in water deficit conditions producted more seed oil yield than the others. On the basis of the result it is concluded that cultivars of Eagle, option 500 and 19-H had better compatibility to water deficit and could produce greater seed yield in both water conditions (normal irrigation and water deficit).

An experiment was performed using 81 populations to study genetic diversity of wheat landraces in north west of Iran. The study was carried out in 1996at the Ardabil Agricultural Research Center using a simple lattice design. This experiment contained Bezostaya and Omid cultivars to be compared with Iranian germplasm.Nineteen traits were recorded for all populations. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in all traits among treatments at 5% and 1% and means comparison was done using Duncan' s multiple rang test. Descriptive statistics such as standard deviation, heritability and coefficient of variation were found for all traits. Iranian landraces had less yields than cultivars such as Bezostaya and Sardary. The maximum coefficient of variation (%C.V) obtained for main spike weight, (39.4%) and the minimum C.V was for number of days to pollination (%0.9). The maximum, and the minimum heritability for obtained own length and main spike weight (84% and 10% respectively).Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used for grouping populations.All 81 populations grouped in five clusters according to Ward cluster analysis method and Euclidian distances. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis showed that 52% of total variance define with PCAI and 68% of total variance with PCA1+PCA2 (cumulative variance), and cumulative variances using four main principal could determine about 90% of total variance. For grouping of populations using with PCVl, PCV2 and PCV3 (X, Y and Z axes), grouped the populations In 5 classes. In both grouping methods Bezostaya was in a separate cluster that shows foreign origin of this cultivar.Classifying different origin populations and genotypes in a same cluster indicates genetic closers and exchange of materials between locations.Key words: Wheat, Landrace Populations, Genetic Diversity, Cluster Analysis, Principal Component Analysis.

To evaluate competition ability of more and less competitive winter wheat cultivars on different wheat and wild oat density and wild oat competition on yield and yield components, an experiment was conducted at the research station of Plant, Pest and Disease Institute of Karaj, during 2003-2004 growing season with a factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Result showed that Niknejad have more yield than Rooshan due to more density tolerating potential and more fertile tillers. Increasing wheat density cause decrease of fertile tiller/plant, seed/plant, 1000 seed weight and increase of spike/m2. By increasing of Wild oat density, the rate of yield reduction was enhanced in two cultivars. At maximum wild oat density, recommended+25% and recommended wheat density had highest yield in Niknejad and Rooshan, respectively.

In order to study of seedling ages and planting patterns on the yield and its components of rice var. Hashemi Tarom between various introduced rice varieties, Hashemi Tarom is one of the best cooking quality and aromatic varieties of rice in North of Iran. The experiment was carried out as split plot design in randomized Complete block in Joy bar, located in east - North. of Iran at 2005'.1n three replications' seedling age were selected as main plot at 4 levels (26, 33, 40 and 47 days) and planting pattern were as sub plot at 4 leveles. The results showed that the maximum grain yield was obtaiend by 33 days treatment of seedling age. It was because of increase of the total number of tillers, filled tillers per hill and the number of panicle per square meter. The minimum grain yield was also obtained by 47 days treatment of seedling age. It was also because of reduction of the number of tillers, filled tillers per hill, the percent of filled spikellets and 1000 grain weight. The minimum number of tillers and filled tillers per hill were obtained by planting pattern.This treatment increased the number of plants per unit area and the number of panicle per.planting pattern. increased the grain yield at maximum values' planting pattern decreased the grain yield at minimum values. The maximum biological yield or dry matter accumulation was related to the treatments of the seedling age (33days) and planting pattern. The maximum and minimum harvesting indexes were related to the treatments of 40 and 47 days seedling ages, respectively, but this characteristic was not effected by planting pattern treatment.

In order to study of seedling ages and planting patterns on the yield and its components of rice var. Hashemi Tarom between various introduced rice varieties, Hashemi Tarom is one of the best cooking quality and aromatic varieties of rice in North of Iran. The experiment was carried out as split plot design in randomized Complete block in Joy bar, located in east - North. of Iran at 2005'.1n three replications' seedling age were selected as main plot at 4 levels (26, 33, 40 and 47 days) and planting pattern were as sub plot at 4 leveles. The results showed that the maximum grain yield was obtaiend by 33 days treatment of seedling age. It was because of increase of the total number of tillers, filled tillers per hill and the number of panicle per square meter. The minimum grain yield was also obtained by 47 days treatment of seedling age. It was also because of reduction of the number of tillers, filled tillers per hill, the percent of filled spikellets and 1000 grain weight. The minimum number of tillers and filled tillers per hill were obtained by planting pattern.This treatment increased the number of plants per unit area and the number of panicle per.planting pattern. increased the grain yield at maximum values' planting pattern decreased the grain yield at minimum values. The maximum biological yield or dry matter accumulation was related to the treatments of the seedling age (33days) and planting pattern. The maximum and minimum harvesting indexes were related to the treatments of 40 and 47 days seedling ages, respectively, but this characteristic was not effected by planting pattern treatment.

This investigation was carried out to study salinity and high temperature effects on milk thistle seed germination. The factorial set of treatments was arranged within completely randomized design with three replications. The factors consisted of three levels of temperature (28, 31, and 340C), five levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 m Mol/L of Nacl), and two cultivars of milk thistle (CN-SEED and Budak alas). The traits of final germination percentage, germination velocity, seedling dry weight, radical dry weight, and plumul dry weight were assessed. The results showed that all of these traits were significantly affected by temperature, salinity, and temperature x salinity.Final germination percentage was decreased as temperature and salinity concentration increased. At 340c, seed germination was very low (%1). Also, the beginning of germination was delayed as salinity concentration increased. The highest and the lowest seed germination velocity were related to 31 and 340C, respectively.The differences at germination velocity were decreased as salinity concentration increased.Seedling, radical, and plumul dry weight were decreased as temperature and salinity increased.This reduction was more at 280c than 31ocin high concentrations. It was, therefore, concluded that both salinity and high temperature can reduce germination and seedling growth milk thistle. The relationship assessment between final germination percentage and salinity concentration (except 150, and 200mMol) showed that it was linear at control, whereas, it was quadric at other concentrations.

In order to study effect of G*E interaction on yield of 17irrigated wheat lines and 3 varieties in three different environment this research was done under late season water stress.These genotypes were planted using RCB design with 3 replication in; Esfahan, Kermanshah and Varamin. The results of combined analysis of variance for yield showed significant difference for genotype, locations and G*E interaction effect.Because of significant G*E interaction stability analysis methods of Wricke and AMMI were used for determination of desirable genotypes for yield. Based on Wricke's stability analysis genotypes no.12, 20 and 6 were known as stable genotype.Based on AMMI method, genotypes no.12, 6 and 20 showed general adaptability and genotypes 14 and 15 recognized to have specific adaptability to Varamin and genotypes no.9, 8, 7, 11 and 4 had specific adaptability to Kermanshah.Overall, based on stability analysis on yield under late water stress genotypes no.6, 20, 10, 12 and Marvdasht with having good adaptability were determined as desirable genotypes.

In order to determine the effects of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen gathering and uptake in rapeseed, a field experiment was conducted using a factorial split-plot in randomized complete block design in 2005 growing season. In this study, two cultivars (Zarfam and Modena) in three water regimes (irrigation after 40, 60 and 80 percent depletion of soil water) and four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha) was studied. Results showed that increasing the nitrogen rate from 0 to 220 kg/ha and increasment of soil water, caused to increase the total biomass production that this increase, accompained by increasing the seed yield. Increasing the seed yield, was related to increasing the pods in plant and number of seeds per pod in both conditions. With increasing the ntirgoen used and soil water, water use efficiency (seed and total biomass) was increased, and the maximum rate of these efficiency, obtained from 220 kg Nand 40 percent depletion of soil water.Nitrogen gathering in all plant organs and nitrogen uptake, increased with increasing nitrogen and water times. In contrast, nitrogen utility efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen used and decreasing soil water that finally improved the seed yield and total biomass. Zarfam had a higher ability nitrogen uptake and mobilization under normal irrigation and severe drought stress conditions and also in higher and lower nitrogen conditions and may produced higher seed yield.

In this research, the effect of chemical, mechanical and thermal treatment on physical properties of deinking pulp from chemical waste paper is investigated. The freeness of pulp (550 cst) decreased to 400 csf and then 300 csf by refining. The produced pulp was under the chemical treatment by H2SO4 and NaOH and paste pH was ordered at 4, 7, 10 then all of pulps were under thermal treatment at 30oc, 60oc.Hand sheet was built and dry tensile, wet tensile and burst strength were measured. The result showed that by decreasing freeness, strength characterisitic will increase.Burst strength and dry tensile strength in neutral pH has more strength than acidic and Alkali pH, However, wet tensile strength in acidic and analkali pH has more strength than neutral condition. It should be attend that' increasing wet tensile at alkali condition is not significant. Theresult of temperature treatment showed that' increasing temperature improve the strength properties. Cotionic demand test was done on stock and also FTIR test was prepared. The result of cationic demand test showed that with increase pH from 4 to 10, the cationic demand of stock will increase. Also with increase the temperature to 60oC, the cationic demand value will increase. The result of FTIR test showed that, the treatments didn't have chemical change on fiber's surface and changes was in morphological properties.

Urea treatment is a scientifically proven technology for improving the nutritive value of cereal straws. Though this method of treatment has been tried at farm level in several countries, so far, farmer adoption of the technology on a larger scale has been limited because of labour costs and difficulties. So it is essential to facilitate or eliminate some of these operations by using machine. In this research, the rectangular baler equipped with urea solution spraying system, was selected for treating the wheat straw that exited from the combine harvesting on the farm. Performances of mechanical treatment were considered by inspection of field capacity (theoretical field capacity, effective field capacity and effective material capacity) and spraying uniformity (moisture distribution of treated straw). For studying the uniformity and moisture distribution, the moisture in the side and center of the treated bales were measured and compared with t-test. The mean of moisture in the side and center of bales was 52.53 and 48.40%, respectively. In spite of the higher moisture content in the side of the bales, the differences were not significant (P<0.05). Effective field capacity and effective material capacity of mechanical urea treatment were 0.41 ha/h and 2.05 t/h respectively.The mean value of moisture in the side and center of bales was 52.53 and 48.40%, respectively. In spite of the higher moisture content in the side of the bales, the differences were not significant (P<0.05). Results of this research showed that mechanized urea treatment could treat the straw at rate of 2 t/ha in the field condition.Key words: Mechanized Urea Treatment Of Wheat Straw, Field Capacity, Moisture Distribution and Baler.

Land use effects on run off, soil erosion and sediment yield. Therefore, land use planning is one of the main ways in soil erosion control. The main purpose in this research is to determine land use optimization area in order to decrease soil erosion and increase net income in Kharestan Watershed located in North-west of Eghlid in Fars province. To this end linear program was selected for 3 scenarios including land use present condition without land management, land use present condition with land management and standardized land use condition considering scientific methods. The results showed that present land use area was not suitable for soil erosion decrease and income increase in Kharestan Watershed and vary if optimized. The results showed that if present land use area is optimized the total amount of soil erosion will decrease up to 3.7% and total benefit will increase up to 162.6% for present land use condition without land management, the total amount of soil erosion will decrease up to 37.3% and total benefit will increase up to 205.7% for present land use condition with land management and total amount of soil erosion will decrease up to 52.3% and total benefit will increase up to 207.9% for standardized land use condition considering scientific methods.