PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:9|Papers Count:6

In his early attempts to lay a new foundation for Metaphysics, Martin Heidegger, the German philosopher, announced that Plato with his emphasis on beingness of entities had distorted the Western Philosophy of Being. This distortion had made later philosophers pay attention not to the Being itself but to the entities seen in the natural world, and take Being as the sum of all entities regardless of their different forms, as something created by God or nature. Thus, they talked about things as present-at-hand objects of study, and man became the Priviledged Creature, the Subject, the Mind, or the Will studying the natural world of entities. Thus the Metaphysics of Presence was born. Heidegger, however, tried to break the binary opposition between the Mind and the Matter by studying man as not something standing out of nature but as something born in, nourished by, and taught by the natural world. He studied man as Dasein or Being-in-the-world. The result was his complex philosophy of interpretation which rejected the possibility of understanding Being in its eternal form on the basis that Dasein himself is temporal and that all his understandings are based on interpretations themselves built on previous interpretations about Being.

The following article comprises certain rules concerning the stress of words in English language. Due to the user-friendly arrangement of words under various categories, it can be of interest not only for the students of basic English, but also for those whose main concern is that it is difficult to learn the stress of words so easily. In the course of this study, an attempt has been made to consider first the stress of words in every multisyllabic word, presented in this article, and then in sentences, in another article. To this end, our special attention has been paid to the selection of an easy way as far as possible

"Family Happiness"-a novel by Nickoloyowich Tolstoy- is one of those literary works which in spite of its meagre volume includes all the issues of interest to the writer; i.e., love, family, woman, and mortality. Even though these issues have been discussed in all other works os the author, Family Happiness has been considered as the first family novel among his works. By analysing Family Happiness we notice that through writing this novel, Tolstoy has expressed his personal ideas and beliefs about life. In this work, the author considers family happiness as the result of hard work, endeavour, common interests and of having unity of views and purpose in life. All of these, of course, originate from Tolstoy"s perpetual motto of life.

Translation may surpass the original source in exquisiteness, but it may not be an exact replica of that source. This is mainly because of differences in word order, vocabulary and sound effects that exist in different families of languages. What a translator can do is to impart an approximation from the source language into the target language. Every language is a part and a mechanism of culture. The dependence of meaning upon cultural contexts reflects the interdependence of language and culture. Hence, in translating from one language into another, one finds that connotations of words are deeply seated in cultural factors. The non-dictionary meanings of words cause a great deal of ambiguity. These problems are frequent in translating the language of one country into the language of another country whose customs are different. Therefore, proper translation does not imply matching phrases or sentences word for word. True translation is much more a commentary on the source than a substitute for it.