PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2010 | Volume:- | Issue:55|Papers Count:12

Based on how formal a conversation is, how much familiar the speaker and the listeners are with each other and how distant is the speaker's social status from the listener's one, the speaker uses certain forms of language known as styles of language. Linguistic styles are different from language varieties. Selection of the styles depends on definite social situations and the kind of relationship between the speaker and the listener. This article aims to represent a clear picture of different Persian linguistic styles and this can be useful in collecting and describing linguistic data for different researches. In addition, a framework is created for editing different texts regarding linguistic styles and also for literary criticism in the fields related to linguistic styles. This article studies the linguistic styles in Persian and introduces a style spectrum consisting of deferential, formal, semi-formal, colloquial and slang styles in Persian.

Nowadays, the issue of human communication is one of the most important subjects occupying the minds of linguists, anthropologists, psychologists and philosophers. Since it is the most important means for communication among men, the relation between language and culture and their mutual interactions have high significance, thereby attracting attention. This article tries to cover the establishment of human communications with respect to education of foreign languages. Solving problems associated with language and culture helps to improve the process of foreign language teaching and fulfill the practical goal of teaching, which is mastering foreign languages as a medium for communication by learners of these languages. To achieve the aimed results among linguistic units, the author of this article has selected expressions gained from the research in this field which additionally carry a rich cultural heritage.

Story and novel writing have been a traditional legacy of India and they have been a part of Indian culture. Story writing has a pronounced past and an equally impeccable present. Epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana as well as fables like the Panchtantra are acclaimed as the heritage of glorious works of literature across the world. Persian, Urdu and Hindi languages are very closely linked languages which have been influenced by each other and have mutually benefited. Among the great modern story writers in India, Premchand (1880-1936) is one of the most famous writers in Hindi and Urdu. His works are not only popular in the Indian sub-continent including Pakistan but also are famous in the western countries too. Premchand is one of the realist Indian modern story writers in Hindi and Urdu languages. He left a mark and produced great literary works including short-stories, novels, and drama. This article analyses the influence and impact of Premchand’s literary works and his place in modern Indian story writing. Research methodology employed for this article is analytical descriptive approach through a research of Premchand’s literary works especially his famous story “chess player”. Literary critics believe that Premchand’s literary works have had an impact on other great writers of his time and later ones too. Therefore he deserves to be accorded a special place in the literary world. In short, the results of the research show that Premchand is renowned for his original realist writing style and strong position against colonization and thereby he has influenced many modern Indian story writers.

The major aim of this study was to examine and analyze English language teaching in kindergartens. To this end, 22 kindergartens were selected in Mashhad. They were observed and teachers were interviewed. The results demonstrate that these kindergartens lack sufficient room and facilities to meet learners needs, they lack any comprehensive teaching curriculum. Teachers are not highly qualified, not much familiar with teaching children, and they do not care about cognitive, affective and social needs of the learners. Finally, some suggestions were made to improve the quality of teaching English in kindergartens.

Critical Thinking has accompanied man since his creation. Man steps toward Critical Thinking when he starts to evaluate a matter logically. Today in order to develop Critical Thinking and the importance of placing it in scientific fields, several researches have been carried out. Recently, Babamohadi and Khalili (2004) found that there is a significant difference between freshman and senior students regarding their level of CT. But Nafeie et.al (2008) found out different results, that there is no significant difference among first and fourth year nursing students' level of Critical Thinking. This study has been done along with those researches. The main goal of this research is to find out whether there is any relationship between nativeness, age and gender with a level of Critical Thinking of the English speaking students, who are M. A. students studying Islamic subjects in the Islamic College of London. In order to get to this goal, 30 students, 17 male and 13 female from the range of age 23-54 have been chosen as the subjects of the study of whom 14 were English native speakers and 16 native-likes (whose first language was not English). The instrument used in this research was California Critical Thinking Skills Test form B. The test contains 34 questions in 5 different Critical Thinking areas (analysis, evaluation, Inference, deductive, and inductive reasoning) which can evaluate the level of Critical Thinking skills of the students. The results show that there is significant relationship between nativeness and the level of Critical Thinking, but there is no relationship between age, gender and the level of Critical Thinking.

As the most significant religious resource for Muslims, Quran has always attracted the attention of many Muslim and non-Muslim scholars. So far many translators, with various intentions, have translated this holy book. A group of these translators pretended to be Muslims, while in fact they were strong enemies of Islam, and their real intention was to change the realities of this holy book and represent an ugly picture of it. In this study, by explaining beliefs and purposes of the deviant sect of Qadiyanism (Ahmadiyeh), and investigating one of the German translations of Quran done by this movement under the supervision of Mirza Bashiral Din Mahmud Ahmad the second Caliph of this sect, focusing on Surah Hamd, we will reveal their intention for translating the Quran and using it for their own purposes with regard to the dominant political status of the time. Study of the translation method and exposing weaknesses and strengths of it may also help other translators, and improve the knowledge for Quran translation as well.

This bipartite paper examines the function of Tasrif in the Quranic story of creation in the light of Halliday's textual meta-function. First, the Quranic concept of Tasrif as a field in Elm-al Maani (semantics of syntax), and its relation to systemic linguistics is introduced and reviewed. Then, through review of literature, it is referred to givenness hierarchy, empathy degree, point of view and topic maintenance. Then, in the light of Halliday's textual meta-function, topicalisation and the information structure of discourse are analyzed in the Quranic stories of creation; in fact, textual meta-function is structured in such a well-formed style that, though the meanings and phrases are repetitive, the presentation of information seems to be demanding; this is the same as Tasrif: presenting the repetitive information in a new style.

In carrying out research in Mythology and literary works in the world, we see some works in which the subject matter is a combat between close relatives; especially father and son. These stories are in different forms like myth, tragedy, epic, fiction and religious narratives but they are close together in structure and basic plot and have special features peculiar to them. But, what's the root of these kind of adventures? In what kind of societies, does it happen. Is it in a single nation merely? Do societies and their customs, traditions, and opinions have a role in the emergence of such Stories? What are the differences and similarities between similar works in different cultures to Rostam and Sohrab? This research tries to answer this question by analysis and scrutiny of some samples of these stories with regard to parental separation and refusal to disclose their names.

Le Clezio 's fictional world takes us back to the beauties of nature and makes us contemplate the mysteries of the universe. By creating exaggerated and sometimes surreal sceneries, Le Clezio seeks to escape from inconveniences of the materialistic world to explore man's identity. Obscure conditions, wearriness with the achievements of modern world, Le Clezio's personages, are encouraged to an emigration out of their country towards a spritual quiet. Le Clezio's journeys all over the world, specially his trip to Indian Americans, made him familiar with spiritual realms and supernatural powers. The heroes of Le Clezio's stories are mainly homeless and destitute children who seek a refuge in nature. The writer's mythical view together with his intuition and inspiring descriptions herald an idealistic world in his works. This paper aims at investigating Le Clezio's spritual journeys and the spritual universe in his works.

The theme of this article is about structural analysis of one of Khayyam’s quatrains and also a review and critique on two different Russian translations of it. First we will provide a linguistic analysis of this quatrain on the basis of its form and content structures. Then we will go through a review and criticise these two different translations. Khayyam, one of Iran’s poets, who had so many readers in Russia in the past and even now and for that reason there are so many different translations of his quatrains in to Russian. This article attempts to highlight differences and similarities between two different translations of his quatrain in to Russian. A deep review could bring out interesting points, since one of them has been recently and the other among the first Russian translations of his work.