AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Year:2008 | Volume:8 | Issue:1 (B)|Papers Count:27

In the presented research mathematical optimization models were used to management and optimize the release from Alavian dam reservoir using monthly inflow to the reservoir. The Severity - Duration - Frequency (SDF) curves of drought were showed that the active capacity of 60 MCM in the Alavian dam reservoir was meet only 2.5, 2.20, 2.17, 2.13, and 2.07 months for return periods of 3, 6, 10, 17, and 33 months droughts respectively. For the purpose of release maximization, a linear optimization model with probability limitation was developed and excused using Lindo software. The water demand for crops was calculated using Penman - Montieth method and was drawn against the inflow to the reservoir. The calculated deficit and reserve volume of water were taken as the base to determine the critical period with length of 52 months. The objective function was to maximize the release by taking into account the various limitations. Two cases of release were considered constant and monthly release along the critical period and for both cases the release was maximized. The results showed that the maximized releases in both cases were not meet the monthly demands as the active capacity of reservoir initially has not chosen in perfect optimized manner, but in the case of monthly maximized releases the situation was slightly better.

Potato tuber moth, (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella is one of the most important pests of potato, specially in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Integrated pest management (IPM) approches were applide in infested potato fields in Kabodrahang region of Hamedan Province, Iran. Two separateld fields, each with two hectars of aria was chosen. In the Treatment or first field IPM approches containing crop rotation, in time and good soil preparation, timely planting, high hilling, deep planting, frequent irrigation, pheromon traps for mass traping of male moths, destroying plant remnants, a time harvesting and destroying harvest residues were done. In the control or second field, common traditional crop production methods was applied. The effects of treatments on tubers infestion were measured and t- test was employed to compare the means. Besides, to avoid damage in store the tubers from first field were undergone treatments included: cleaning store, storing healthy tubers, use of repllent plants, covering tubers, pheromon traps in stores and diffused-light storage. Tubers from the second field, were stored based on conventional methods. The data collected on tuber infestion were analysed and compared by t- test. The results were significantly different at a=1%. in IPM method the mean percent of tuber infestation was 8.6% and in conventional method was 23.1%. similarly, in store treatment of tubers before and during storage only 1.04% tubers infested but in conventional method of storage, 40.45% of tubers were infested.

The effects of sowing date, and weed interference on main agronomic characteristics of lentil varieties was investigated in a field experiment in Khorramabad during 2005-06 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement with 4 replications. The experiment had 3 factors including: weed interference at two levels (weed free, and weed infested throughout the total growing season), planting date at three levels (autumn, winter, and spring) and three lentil varieties (Gachsaran, Flip93-93, and Lorestan landrace). Lentil biomass yield in autumn planting date was 21.6 and 155.8% more than that in winter and spring planting dates, respectively. Control of weeds, lentil biomass increased by 34.7%. Maximum grain yield (1486 kg ha-1) was achieved in autumn planting date, that was significantly more than two others sowing dates. Lentil grain yield for autumn planting date was 28 and 297.6% more than yield of winter and spring crop respectively. Yield of Gachsaran and Flip cultivars were significantly more than that of Lorestan landrace. Weeding increased lentil grain yield by 46.7%. Weed control caused 48.4, 50.3, and 30.1% increase in grain yield for autumn, winter, and spring sowing dates respectively. Yield losses due to weed interference for Gachsaran, and Flip cultivars were 54.7, and 47.6%, respectively. However there were not significant differences between weed free and weed infested situation for Lorestan landrace. Maximum grain yield (2394 kg ha-1) achieved in autumn sowing by Gachsaran cultivar at weed free treatment. Minimum yield belonged to spring crop of Lorestan landrace in weed infested situation.

The Simine-rud river in the central part of Hamedan district is emanated from some small rivers of Alvand northern valleys and north eastern mountains in Hamadan. This river arrives in Famenin city (south east of Hamedan) named Ghare-chay River. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of Simine-rud river for irrigation using Wilcox diagram. The experiment was carried out during July 2006 to June 2007. After identifying the rivers that flowed into Simine-rud, 13 sampling sites were selected to take monthly samples for determination of pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. Based on the averages of the results, sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) was calculated and then Wilcox diagram was used. Considering the EC and SAR values in selected stations, Simine-rud showed a gradual increase in pollution (salinity and sodicity) and decrease in water quality across the river from the top to the down. According to Wilcox diagram, water quality of the studied rivers was eralnated as good and medium classes (C1S1-C3S1) for irrigation purpose.

Changes of simple non- structural carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) during bulb formation were studied as well as growth analysis. A randomized complete block design containing four treatments (onion cultivars: Safid Behbahan, Dorcheh Esfahan, Kamarei Khomain and Gholi Gheseh Zanjan) and four replications was performed at Behbahan Agriculture Research Station. Seeds were sown in nursery in late October and seedlings transplanted in late Jaunuary. Carbohydrates accumulated in leaf bases during initiation of bulbing. The most simple non- structural carbohydrates content were found in Safid Behbahan and Gholi Gheseh Zanjan cultivates before and after bulb formation respectively. Glucose and sucrose were the maximum and minimum of increasing percent of simple non- structural carbohydrates sequentially. The grouth analysis results showed a slow grouth period (about l35 days after emergence) and a.rapid grouth after that. The yield of bulb dry weight of SafifBehbehan cultivar was higher than other cultivar at l% level, due to the earliest date of bulbing, higher bulb growth rate (BUGR) and crop growth rate (CGR). Leaf area index increased (LAI) because of delaying in bulbing date and Dorcheh Esfahan cultivar had the maximum LAI. A high significant positive correlation (r=69%) was found between relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR. Safid Behbahan cultivar produced the highest yield of bulb fresh weight, howevre it had no significant difference with Kamarei Khomain and Dorcheh Esfahan cultivar at l% level. Regarding our results we recommended Safid Behbehan, Dorcheh Esfahan and Kamarei Khomain cultivars for planting at Behbahan region.

Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting biological characteristics such as longevity and fecundity of insects. Knowledge on such effects assists us to understand causes of population fluctuations. Effect of temperature was studied on fecundity and adult longevity of sunn- pest Eurygaster integriceps Put. One week old Mahdavi wheat cultivar seedlings were used for this purpose. Four temperatures 30, 27, 25, and 22±1 oC were included and experiment was repeated in 1998 (excluding 25 and 22oC) and 1999 on the basis of a completely randomized design. Effect of temperature on fecundity and post-oviposition period was non-significant while it was significant on longevity, pre-oviposition and oviposition periods. Population fecundity was 64% more and pre- oviposition period 30% shorter at same temperatures in 1998 than 1999. This may imply that physiological status of the bugs has been more favorable in 1998. Pre-oviposisional period showed a significant increase with corresponding decrease in temperature. Thermal threshold and thermal constant for development of pre-oviposition period were determined as 19.48oC and 122.78 Degree- Days respectively. Ovipositional duration even though without a particular trend, was affected by temperature. It was totally longer and then height of reproduction curve was shorter in the two lower temperatures compared to other ones. Referring to simultaneous increase in pre-oviposition and ovipositional periods, life span was significantly broader in lower temperatures. Two males were encountered in rearing media that were infected by a cephalobiid parasitic nematode. This is the first record of a Cephalobiidae on sunn-pest.

The most common areas of tomato fields such as Varamin, west Azarbarijan, east Azarbaijan, Khoozestan, Busheher and Isfahan were surveyed and infected fields were identified during 2003-2004. Infected plants with wilt symptoms were identified. The samples were cultured on PDA (half concentration). The fungi grew after 3-4 days and each isolate was purified by single spore method. Thirty eight isolates were selected as Representative. The isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum by using Nelson key. The seedlings of Bonny Best cultivar was used for pathogenesis test. Thirty days old, tomato seedlings were inoculated with 5x106 spores/ml of each isolate. After inoculation, seedlings were cultured in a Random Complete Design with five replications (three seedlings in each replicate). The result showed that all isolates caused discoloration of xylem extended to stems and even petioles. Root and crown were not rotted. Growth at 27oC was quicker than that of 18oC. Therefore, their form special was determined as lycopersici. The severity of disease (Aggressiveness of each isolate) was evaluated based on 0-5 scale presented by Hemming et al., 2004. The result of data analysis showed that the pathogenicity of isolates was significant at 1% level. The mean comparative of infection severity showed that the isolate MD4 and DSF28 with 4.84 and 3.062 of mean infection were the most and least aggressive, respectively. The isolates inoculated on differential tomato cultivars, Bonny Best (lacking resistance gene), Manapal (resistant to race one) and Walter (resistant to races 1 & 2) in five replications and three seedlings in each replication in greenhouse condition. Bonny Best without any resistance gene wilted four weeks after inoculation. Manapal and Walter cultivars did not develop symptoms to any of tested isolates. Hence, they were determined as race one

Vegetation roughness's coefficients are the main parameters used to determine river flow characteristics and are known to depend on the flow condition (depth and velocity) as well as vegetation condition (type and density). Flume experiments were conducted to investigate the vegetation density for submerged vegetation in river bed, banks, and flood plains. Artificial plastic plant (shrub type), were laid on the floor of a 14 meter long and variable slope flume facilitated in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Tehran, Iran for this study. The Manning's (n) values were estimated for different slopes, discharges, flow depth and vegetation densities. The results revealed that the Manning roughness coefficient (n) increases as vegetation density increases, while it decreases when the flow depth and velocity increase. The results also showed that the roughness coefficient is not constant and is a function of the flow velocity and depth of water. Significant variation of the Manning's (n) coefficient with flow and vegetation conditions urges the consideration of the flow and vegetation conditions in estimation of the Manning roughness. Three equations are suggested for estimation of roughness coefficients for rivers and flood plains, with different states of vegetation density, flow depth and velocity.

Drought is one of the most important climate phenomena which occurs in all climate conditions and regions of the world. This phenomenon has been less understood, in comparison with flood event. Meanwhile, its properties recognition is more complex than flood properties. In this study, Markov Chain was applied for identification of some drought properties. After sufficient statistical tests, 7 rain gauge stations in Golestan Province with monthly rainfall data for at least 30 years records until the end of hydrological year 2006-2007 were selected. Drought conditions of each station were investigated in annual period, using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Then transition probability matrixes in any station were created, and their persistence probability, duration and relative frequency were determined for each drought condition. Results of this study showed that normal condition of persistence probability, duration and frequency is higher than dry condition, Moreover, the amounts of these characteristics in dry conditions is higher than wet condition.

Site-specific crop measurement (yield monitoring) is one of the essential stages to apply precision farming practices. Yield monitor is used to develop crop yield map. In this research, a semi automatic alfalfa hay yield monitoring system on small square baler was evaluated. In this system the crop yield data were measured based on a volumetric method and by connecting an encoder shaft to the baler star wheel and the coordinate was calculated locally and by measuring the fifth wheel angular rotation. The crop yield and coordinate data were sampled synchronously with 1 Hz frequency using micro-controller instrumented boards. The results showed that: 1-the SMF filter was able to recognize and modify the volumetric data which were surged.2- the accuracy of the used coordinate determination system was higher than the GPS receiver. and 3- using each bale bulk density improved the accuracy of volume to mass data conversion, For the system to be fully automated, bale bulk density measuring system on baler was therefore necessary.

Turbidity is the most important physical characteristic of water. It is due to the presence of suspended and colloidal particles in water. turbidity of irrigation water affects the hydraulic and physical properties of soils, including infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and porosity. Such parameters are important designing irrigation and drainage systems, hydrological studies and water resources management. The main objective of the present study was to asses the effects of water turbidity on the physical and hydraulic properties of soil such as infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity. To perform the study, 48 pvc tubes each with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 120 cm were prepared the tubes were filled with soils of light, medium and heavy textures to the height of 90 cm. The tubes were irrigated with irrigation water having turbidities of 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 NTU. After 2 months of irrigation, halh of the tubes and after 4 months of irrigation, the second half of the tubes were cut in 3 equal sections namely, A, B and C. Then the physical and hydraulic parameters of the A, B and C sections were measured according to the standard methods. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the effects of time, water turbidity and soil type on the final infiltration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soils were significant at P: S .01. The results also indicated that custom opposite in the different soil texture hydraulic conductivity on down fragment more than middle fragment. The case of matters with fill pore up fragment by suspended and colloidal particles in water and nonexistence arrived suspended and colloidal particles in the down fragment also increase water exit velocity in down fragment The case of existence natural dranaige under down fragment performance.

Foliar-nitrogen applied has the potential to become an important component in fertilizing programs for citrus in Iran, as it can reduce nitrate leaching into ground water. The goal of this research was to determine the most foliar concentration, ammonium nitrate application to "Tamson Navel "orange trees, for achieving the highest quantity and quality of yield. Foliar sprays were carried out, in two stages with concentration 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 % and in three different concentrations, on 10 years old trees, grafted on sour orange rootstocks in Kotra Station of citrus Research Institute in Ramsar city. First stage applied in April with concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 %) and second stage in the end July with concentrations (0.15, 0.35 and 0.45 %). Fruits were harvested in December as local common and determining the quantitative and qualitative (fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit weigh, fruit sink thickness, Vitamin C, total soluble solids, acidity and yield) parameters. The obtained results of statistical analysis showed that ammonium nitrate treatments at concentration of 0.8 and 1.2% had significant increase in yield and weight mean fruit in comparison to control treatment, respectively. Also, significant decrease in ratio sink thickness to diameter fruit in ammonium nitrate treatment with concentration of 0.4% was observed. The result indicated significant effect in total soluble solid to acidity ratio in ammonium nitrate treatments with concentration of 0.8% and 1.2%. In fruit length, fruit weight and ratio total soluble solids on acidity factors, treatment ammonium nitrate at concentration of 1.2%. Generally, treatment ammonium nitrate at concentration of 1.2% in almost factors measured had the best response and introduce as the best concentration.

Study of water movement in soil requires adequate knowledge of soil hydraulic properties.This research has been conducted in Shahrood in a sandy loam soil with onion crop to study the moisture distribution and water movement using emitters of drip system. Water movement and moisture distribution in soil were simulated with Hydrus-2D model for different types of soils. The results revealed that if the soil hydraulic properties are estimated correctly and model is calibrated and validated perfectly, and modeling area is defined with correct boundary conditions, it will simulate water movement in soil with high capability. The simulation practice has been done in five types of soils. Results of simulation showed that in all types of soils reduction of moisture distribution in first and middle layer of soil is higher than lower layer but up to 48 hours adequate moisture is available in soil and active plant root zone do not suffer moisture deficit. The final result of simulation of water distribution in different types of soils revealed that if the drip and fertigation systems are designed and operated properly, it will minimize water percolation below the crop root zone and estimation of exact amount of drainage water below crop root zone is possible with selected model.

This study was carried out to compare chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and kinetics of fermentation of residues from winnowing of Arman, Hashem and ILC482 varieties of chickpeas. Peas were harvested using a modified cereal harvester machine. One hectare of each variety was cultivated under the same agronomic condition and total winnowing residues from each variety was collected. ILC482 had the lowest protein (34g/kg DM) and NDF (563 g/kg DM) contents. In vitro NDF digestibility of three varieties was not different (p>0.05) but digestibility of ADF was higher in ILC482 compared to the other two varieties. No significant difference in dry matter intake (DMI) was observed when residues from three different varieties were offered to sheep (p>0.05). However DMI from ILC482 was 4.9% and 6.3% higher than Arman and Hashem respectively. The rate of gas production was not different in the residues from the three varieties (p>0.05). However the cumulative gas production was significantly different among the residues from the three different varieties (p<0.05). Hashem produced 50% more cumulative gas production than Arman.

In a sustainable agricultural system, identification of the fertilizers which are nature friendly and suitable for plants is essential. This becomes more important when dealing with medicinal plants. Chamomile has been used as medicine since ancient Roman era. To investigate the effect of three inorganic fertilizers on the plants' growth, and the amount of essential oil and chamazulene German chamomile. An experiment was setup in 2008, in the Research Stations of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. This study was performed based on a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were cow manure, compost, vermicompost and control (without fertilizer). The results showed that these treatments had significant effects on the number of main shoots and flowers per plant, fresh and dry plant weight, fresh and dry flower yield, seed yield, essential oil percentage and chamazulene yield per hectare The highest and lowest flower yield were obtained from cow manure (1292 kg/ha) and control (738 kg/ha) respectively. Moreover, the highest yield of essential oils and chamazulene per hectare were observed in the cow manure (7840 g/ha) and compost (354 g/ha) respectively. In addition, the highest chamazulene percentage (5.43 %) was obtained from compost treatment.

In other to evaluate genetic diversity, heritability and relationships between morphological and physiological traits with economic yield, an experiment was conducted on 17 chickpea genotypes for two years (2004 2005) in the research stations of Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam in the framework of completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Various statistical methods including: statistical parameters, genetic parameters, correlation between characters, multiple regression, path analysis and principal component analysis were calculated. Among the agronomic characters, grain yield and days number to % 50 maturities with CV of %41.35 and %4.22 indicated maximum and minimum coefficient of variation, respectively. Broadsense heritability ranged from %10.81 for primary branch numbers to %83.57 for plant height. Broadsense heritability for plant height, 100 seed weight, days number to %50 flowering and number of seed per plant were higher than those of the other characters. Stepwise regression for selection of traits related to economic yield indicated that seed number per plant and 100 seed weight explained 96.50 percent of total variation. The results of path analysis revealed that number of seed per plant and 100 seed weight with path coefficients of 0.947 and 0.262 had the highest direct effect on seed yield, respectively. Principal component analysis detected 2 components, which justified 69 percent of the total phenotypic variation of grain yield.

In order to study correlations between traits and its analysis to cause and effect relationships in rapeseed plant, an experiment was conducted by a randomized complete block design with three replications for 8 cultivares of fall rapeseed in 2006-2007 growing season at the research field of Abooreihan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht. Evaluation and analyze for 18 important traits in statistical analysis. Results showed significant differences among cultivars for all traits except stem weight, pod length, LAI in canopy closure, height of the first branch, number of days to the beginning of branching. Positive significant correlation was observed between seed yield and biological and oil yields, stem weight, harvest index, oil percent, plant height and number of pods/plant. But, negative correlation was observed between seed yield with number of days to the beginning of branching, number of days to the beginning of flowering, number of days to 50% flowering, number of days to full flowering. According to stepwise regression, seed yield trait is considered as dependent variable and biological yield, stem weight, number of pods/plant, LAI in canopy closure, plant height and number of days to 50% flowering traits as independent variables. Model determination coefficient is R2=1. Negative direct effect of weight yield and plant height on seed yield were canceled by positive indirect effects via biological yield and number of pods/plant  and caused that correlation increase between this traits and grain yield. Conversely, positive direct effects of number of days to 50% flowering on seed yield were canceled by negative indirect effects of the same two traits. Therefore, the most important traits orders to selection index for seed yield improvement were biological yield and number of pods/plant, respectively.

Flow characteristic at open channel-junction (river confluence) have represented a major challenge for 3-D applications of CFD in last decades. Secondary flows not only will change the vertical profile of primary velocity but also will change scouring and sedimentation pattern at channel- confluences. By present, with laboratory experimental test, field measurement and mathematic simulation the effect of discharge ratio, confluence angle and bed discordance carried out on 2-D or 3-D flow patterns. This research uses a 3-D program (SSIIM 2) for simulation the effect of tail water Froud Number (Frd) on flow pattern; especially secondary flow pattern at a 60 degree rectangular channel confluence. The model uses a three-dimensional unstructured grid with a mixture of tetrahedral and hexahedral cells to model the geometry. The water flow is computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations using k-e RNG turbulent model. The model was tested by comparing with two-dimensional velocity fields at confluence that have measured by Laser Doppler Velocimeter and water surface profile on a physical model. The result showed that with increasing tail water Froud Number, penetration of lateral flow into the main channel decreased. The curvature of Lateral flow stream line when entrance to channel- junction increases with increasing Frd; while the entrance angle of lateral flow decreases. Additionally, with increasing Frd secondary circulation that begins to performance just from location of downstream corner of junction became weaker. Also, secondary flow patterns and number of circulation cell will change strongly with moving to downstream and passing from separation zone. On the other hand, only one circulation cell of secondary flow is appeared, when Frd reduces. By moving downstream of confluence the center of this circulation cell change from top of water at right embankment toward the center of cross section

Primary Tritipyrum is a new amphiploid which has been produced by crossing between Triticum durum (female) and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (male). Although it has potential to be introduced as a new crop but encounters with partial chromosome instability, late maturity, bittle rachis, low fertility and keep on producing tillers. To remove these unfavorable traits, it is possible to cross primary Tritipyrum lines and Iranian wheat cultivars and select the possible secondary Tritipyrum genotypes in selfing and back cross populations. In the present study, 393 crosses was performed between primary Tritipyrum lines (female) and Iranian wheat cultivars (male) during the 2004-2005. The interspecific population (F1) with 274 plants was obtained which were selfed and the F2 population with 1968 plants was produced. The mitotic chromosome counting of 31 F1 (2n=6x=42, AABBDEb) showed 42 chromosomes, where as in 60 F2 (2n=6x=?, AABBD(0-14) Eb(0-14) it was in a range of 32-44 chromosomes and higher aneuploidy ration was observed in F2, s than the F1, s plants. The chromosomes pairing studies in 21, 28 and 6 plants from primary Tritipyrum lines (F0), F1 and F2 plants were performed, respectively. The results indicated that the arm association index in F1 plants was more than F2. The homoeology index reduced in F1 plants because of the existence of chromosomal abnormalities in F1, s more than F2, s and F0, s plants. The single chromosomes in F1, s were more than F2, s and primary Tritipyrum lines (F0, s).

Physical remediation technique is one of the primary mechanisms for remediation of surface contaminated soils by improving the conditions for soil aero microorganism activities. In this study, the ability of physical remediation technique for remediation of a petroleum contaminated calcareous soil (Typic Calciargids) with three petroleum contamination levels was evaluated. Contamination levels were consisted of Cx (0: 1 w/w, uncontaminated: contaminated soil), C1 (1: 1 w/w, uncontaminated: contaminated soil) and C2 (1: 3 w/w, uncontaminated: contaminated soil). Results showed that the soil microbial activity was increased at all contamination levels due to physical remediation processes as compared to the control (without physical remediation processes). The Co2 evolution due to soil microbial respiration in the C1, C2, and Cx levels was about 19, 25, and 20% more than that in the control, respectively. The most reduction value in the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration (TPH) was observed in the Cx level at the end of experiment. There was about 52% of reduction in the TPH-contents in the Cx level in comparison with the control which was only 21%. Furthermore, TPH-concentration in the C1 and C2 levels was reduced about 21 and 24% more than that in the control, respectively. According to the results of this study, it appears that the physical remediation processes (aeration and providing optimal moisture) have an impressive role on intensifying the soil microbial activity and elimination of petroleum contaminants from soil. Therefore, the physical remediation technique can be investigated as an effective and financial method with low side effects on environment for remediation of petroleum compounds from soil.

Rice Bakanae disease and foot rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides, F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum, is one of the most important rice seed-born diseases that the best method of its control is seed treatment by fungicides. Fungicide resistance is one of the important subjects that must be studied continuously. In this study, sensitivity of 77 isolates to thiophanate-methyl thiram was investigated in PSA medium amended with 1, 5, 10, 20 and 25 mg/l of thiophanate-methyl thiram active ingredient, after that EC50 and MIC of this fungicide were calculated for each isolate.The results showed that EC50 and MIC of thiophanate-methyl thiram for different isolates were 2.01-6.47 and 5-25 mg/l, respectively. Since the least sensitive isolate was separated from the most sensitive isolate by factor of 3.22 and previous isolates were placed in this range too, therefore it is concluded that resistance to thiophanate-methyl thiram hasn’t appeared in studied populations after almost 10 years of application. There wasn’t any significant difference among mean EC50 of different species, thus their sensitivity range can be expressed as identical EC50 range for three species.