JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:16|Papers Count:7

Gas-Oil Wells get fire every year. There are many different methods for the control of fire. Fire extinguish using traditional techniques are usually faced with many problems and need more time and equipment. Beside those, they cause damages to the life, properties and environment too. The present study is one of the recent projects in petroleum industry and fire extinguishes which present for Gas-Oil Wells control.Study on methods through which the fire is controlled in Gas-Oil Wells during a short period is very important in petroleum industry. Fire extinguish using turbojet is a novel approach which has been investigated in laboratory and it can be scrutinized in contribution.The model was considered for turbojet in divergent and convergent forms and the flame was made using equipment with High-Pressure Flame. Different experiments were conducted to obtain the relationship between output discharges of trumpet and Gas wells. The results of the study were correlated to each others and presented as curves demonstrating the relationships between dimension less parameter of flame and fire extinguish distances and also output discharge of turbojet and Gas wells in specified distances.

Nowadays, water treatment is an important point in human life, as a res nit of water contamination. Conventional water treatment methods are effective enough for removing suspended and colloidal matter of water, but organic matter which are a carbon sources for microorganisms and a main factor for THMs formation, requires improved methods for their removal. Coagulation is a conventional method for removing suspended and colloidal matter from water, through adding chemicals. In this process less amount of coagulants, iron and aluminum, may remain in water and some compounds may be removed from water like total organic carbon and nitrate. In this study, a comparison has been addressed between two municipal water treatment plants which use two different types of coagulants, Ferric chloride and Alum, in order to measure residual Iron and Aluminum, and also the removal rate of nitrate and total organic carbon.Two treatment plants with common raw water resources were selected. Their raw water quality was the same, but use different coagulants, Alum and Ferric chloride. Samples was collected according to recommended methods during three seasons- Autumn, Winter and Spring- from common input and output of each plant and analyzed. Total organic carbon, nitrate, Iron and Aluminum, were measured with high temperature combustion, UV Spectrophotometric, atomic absorption and Spectrophotometric methods, respectively.The results showed that there were no significant statistical differences between the amounts of total organic carbon and nitrate in raw and treated water of both plants. The amount of mean and removal rate showed that ferric chloride had more efficiency for reducing total organic carbon, the maximum amount of total organic carbon and nitrate, were measured in autumn and spring, respectively. The measured iron and aluminum showed a significant increase in output of the plant, respectively, using ferric chloride and alum as coagulant. The amount of all measured parameters, in both plant, are according to standards values.

In this survey, two types of natural organic and inorganic sorbents were studied for adsorption features in batch and column method. Chitin and derivatives extracted from Shrimp shell waste as organic and Firuzkooh Clinoptilolite and Na form derivatives as inorganic sorbent were applied. Both are able to adsorb and decontaminate low-level radioactive liquid waste (LLW). Total Sorption was depended on PH solution, treating time, adsorbents type and particle size of sorbents and it was independent of temperature. Chitin group sorbents were more effective on Co and their sorption depends on the deacetilation factor. The best Cs adsorption was on Na from Clinoptilolite; however, Chitin derivatives were more effective than Zeolite sorbents in removal of radionuclides such as Cs, Mn, Sr and Co. Chitosan 1 had the best and natural Firuzkooh Clinoptilolite had the worse sorption performance in comparison with other adsorbents.

The existing studies show that the major problems of small industries among the cities of Iran exist in Tehran. These problems mostly are pertaining to small production and servicing units such as car servicing units, carpentry, blacksmithing, metal plating, etc. In one hand these activities are effective in job making, bring out of citizens demands and help to the development of the industries and economy of the country, on the other hand, location of them in the urban area may make some difficulties in condition disregarding of the site selection principles and pollution control methods. To remove or decrease such problems, it is absolutely necessary to carry out special measures and studies. In fact, the main objective of the present study was the above mentioned reason. To achieve this objective, the data were collected based on library studies, interviewing relevant authorities and field visits (134 units in district 11 as the study zone were visited).According to the obtained results in this study, district 11 is placed at the 5th rank among other districts in view of pollutant and disturbant enterprises location. Among the different economic activities in this district, the activities of public. Social and personal services group has caused maximum annoyance and pollution by scoring annoyance index of 25.65%. The industrial activities group with index of 13.65% was at the second rank. Furthermore, noise pollution was the major problem caused by the enterprises located in the concerned district. It must be emphasized that annoyance resulted by these units were mostly related to their site conditions and also the management method of them rather than the kind of their activities.Ultimately, the evaluation of structure and plans for control of pollutant and disturbant enterprises, indicated that the reduction of pollutant and annoyer enterprises, according to fundamental and numerous difficulties, factors, managerial difficulties and specifications of small production and servicing units and their administration, inspite of accomplished actions, had not obtained desired results. Therefore improvement and enhancement of annoyer and pollutant enterprises needs to implement reforming actions in different aspects such as suitable distribution of facilities, support of systemic view, improvement of organizational structure, increase of manpower and facilities in related organizations, completion of expert evaluation tools, development of controller tools.

About 250 tons of municipal solid wastes are collected daily in District 20 of Tehran. The domestic wastes are divided into three groups which include: food wastes, dry wastes and hazardous wastes. Based on the qualitative analysis of the domestic wastes, the food wastes comprise 73 percent of the weight of the wastes in this district.During the present research, studies were carried out in respect to hazardous wastes which also include hospital and automobile service centers wastes. The average tonnage of daily wastes collected (hospital, repair-shop) are about 8100 kg. Shahre Rey is a suitable region for execution of the plan for separation of waste at source using of traditional factors.In this study, the method of separation of waste at source was reviewed. The result indicated that the waste comprised %25 of domestic waste and about 80% of the wastes entering the dry waste station were plastic, paper, cardboard and iron. Plastic, with less weight as compared with dried bread, yields a high profitability.In the study area, the cost of collecting for each kilo of waste was 33 Rials in year 2000 which decreased to 31.8 Rials in year 2001.The cause of reduction in the cost can be attributed to the changes in the number of workers, quality and quantity of the wastes in the region and change in the manner of waste collection and disposal. Based on the findings of this research, guidelines have been presented as follows: establishing recycling stations based on defined standards, observing all sanitary measures in respect to the functioning of the mentioned stations, promotion of the status of the local staff and recycling factors, manner of purchasing recyclable materials from the citizens, short and long-term training courses for all the personnel involved in the solid waste management for the improvement of the solid waste management status in district 20 of Tehran.

The Main objective from this project is to choose the best economical process to remove the cation Pb2+ from water bodies such as industrial waste water.Adsorbtion using activated Carbon has been chosen for this study.The results showed that these methods have high adsorption and also were economical. The method was studied to be efficient to remove Pb+2. Then other factors such as adsorbtion time, temprature, pH and ... have been examined.The results showed that this method could remove than ninety percent (90%) of Pb2+ by granol activated carbon from solution time.The best condition to eliminate this heavy metal is to decrease the temperature because the exothermic reaction the adsorption, and the best pH for this reaction was 7 (neutral).