DANESHNAMEH
Year:2011 | Volume:- | Issue:82|Papers Count:9

Since the relationship between man and the Nature is inseparable and human need to nature and it’s elements in the age of technology are Feeling more than every day, so this makes the human need to take refuge to Nature. Because through this pristine, spectacular and Natural environment, comes with considerable advantage for ecotourism. IRAN considering the variety of Natural and geographical condition and climate, and as a unique country in the world Face to diverse and different forms of tourism, also in Ecotourism has a high ability. Guilan province with geographical conditions and unique Nature in IRAN and it includes a huge diversity in this small area. Study area is some Sara county in Guilan province and data of this research was gathered by Library studies, visiting regions and information about tourist from mentioned organizations. The results of this study show that some Sara city has ecotourism attractions such as beautiful and Virgin forests and tourist village of Tenyan, caves, wetlands and wild life that can cause the development of tourism but the abilities of this city was not properly recognized it is Not under attention duo to inadequate information, Lack of facilities and services. This city can be as a tourism pole in province if there is suitable planning.

Sustainable rural development based on participation of villagers and a focused management of governmental and the widespread distribution and various differences in gross and Iran have not been explained so far in the past and had no success.Therefore, the creation and activity of local managements in rural areas is necessary, and while the new local management of rural people under the direct representatives Dhyaryha villagers (Islamic Councils) and control and public policy (and Frmandaryha municipalities) in the villages of managerial role shall therefore Dhyaryha good performance can be taken step for sustainable development of rural.In this regard, rural central part of Tehran city having the potential of existing and, if appropriate and desirable practice in the future Dhyaryha can achieve rural development.In this study the fundamental goals and desired strategy is the following:1- to identify existing capabilities and potentials of the central part of Tehran2- achieving sustainable rural development using the existing potentials of the rural sector and new management practices Dhyaryha3- Provide solutions and recommendations necessary for success, continuity and stability and reduce impairments DhyaryhaIn this regard, with a broad section of central Tehran, especially the use of tools such as villages and extensive interviews with a comprehensive interview prefect, prefect officials and the governor, all Dhyaran and villagers, Islamic Councils and other relevant agencies and the use of library resources and Documents and recognizing the problems and bottlenecks and analyze findings and assumptions prove to provide the necessary operational strategies and proposals to eliminate existing deficiencies and failure and desirable role Dhyaryha and achieving sustainable development in rural action was taken.

The Orumie tectonic lack is located in the north western Iran and between of east and west Azerbaijan states and extended more than 5000 scours meters in trend of north to south. This lack is extended large but very less depth in the world. The water of lack is very saturated by salt. The view point of variety of sediments, Geomorphology characters, compound chemistry, saline waters and another specialty is compared with another lacks.The view point of topography, the lack are surrounded all sides by mountains that extended in deferent directs and elevation. The all networks, drainage waters and rivers from every side entered to lack.The thickness sediments are 35 by 40 meters and located on the lover Cretaceous s basement rocks (Aptien) and Miocene Limestone (Miocene formation). Thus present tense the stage and formation time Orumie lack limit 30 by 40 thousand years, but to studies of around this lack, terraces are estimated those are limit 400 or 500 thousand years stage.Also show that studies in about of lack sediment logy and that sides, the climate in the Holocene period were is arid.The Orumie lack, very sediments formed from chemical elements and very saturated from salt.Also are destructive sediments that related to fresh waters those are formed in effect of climatic changing in the glacier periods.The important sediments of this lack are more Aragonite (Fecal pills) those are bio chemistry sediments that is formed from association and accumulation of sediments on around of Artemia Salina. The pure Gypsum are formed in intern of mud’s.This lack is located in a situation in the Azerbaijan that its distance from the seas and waters is very far. Thus this lack effect in around of its environment is very important.In the round of lack are located cities and villages. Thus it climatically an influence is very more. Also a numerous of immigration and local birds and animals are lives in the islands of lack and are dependent this ecosystem.In addition a numbers of insects (Artemia) are lives in the lack. Thus destruction it is greatest injury for this region ecosystem.

In this study scales of drought intensity of 32 synoptic stations in statistical duration 1956-2005 was analysis by 4 methods as standard precipitation index, D index percent of normal and decadal index.As a result of standard precipitation index shows that 1973, 1990 and 2001 succeeding had the harshest during the country. On the base of percent of normal index in statistical duration of 1973, 1990 and 2001 had the harshest drought in the country.The third index used is the decadal index.In this way, in period of the statistical duration that is studied in the years of 1973, 1990 and 1958 had the harshest drought in the country.The forth index in this research have studied drought of Iran used is D index.Calculating of dry and wet years by using this index is based on temperature and precipitation data after calculating Z-score of temperature and precipitation from differences with used of this method in statistical duration of years 2001, 1999, 1966 had the harshest.Because Calculated drought in the method is based on reality in comparison with 3 methods, the studied has validity.

Ecotourism is the branch of tourism but recognizing of its border with tourism is not consider easy because of absent precise definition, In order to achieving success ecotourism it should pass constant development.Access to constant development is related to economic, social, culture, environment, ecology aspect in society and tourism as effective activity on all of these aspects require suding. In this research consider constant development in rural and urban with explaining common elements.concepts of constant development in different view. This studu show that beneficiary process, in this time, from nature is beyond from capacity of environment and there is fear from serious damage and destroy of nature and also economy.

The aim of this research is appointment of drought connection with amount of olive production in Roudbar Township as a presentable species. To this intention, extracted the dry and wet years with using of standard precipitation index (SPI). Statistical activities were done by Access and Excel software’s and needy maps was drawn with using of Arc GIS. The result shows, this township in 1386-87 and 1372-73 years with drought and wettest tern, has been encountered, in order. Therefore, between amount of product and relationship between two variable, is significant; as the least amount of produce is belong to 1386-87 year with 3294 Ton, 6270 hectare and the greatest is belong 1372-73 year, with 6200 Ton and 2149 hectares.

In recent decades urban population and urbanization has been increased in Iran. one of the most important results of urbanization in our country is the shortage of land and combat in urban land possessing and the most salient political action in many of cities is illegal occupation of land out of city boundaries that has been led to urban sprawl and limitation in future urban land use planning. So desired and polished urban development protection is one of the problems in our country and the only desired way to effective urban planning is the urban land use planning in the present and future. Because one of the main axis of urban planning is the urban land use planning. That assisted by network planning, green space planning, and so on determine the future expansion of city. Urban land use planning not only has main role in effectiveness of urban master plan, but also determines the basis of activities, services distribution and land use per capita and finally can be lead to urban sustainable development. This research attempts to analyze the urban land use planning prospects in sustainable development in Miandoab city. It also analysis the adjustment of Miandoab urban land use with standards that are used in Iran.

Urban growth and Expansion is a spatial and demographic process and refers to the increased importance of towns and cities as a concentration of population within a particular economy and society. Analysis of urban growth by using the historical and present data is an essentially performed operation in the urban geographic studies and for future planning. Urban growth can be mapped, measured and modeled by using remote sensing data and GIS techniques along with several statistical measures. The main goal of this thesis is the monitoring, modeling and projectiong of urban growth and extent of Ardabil city (northwest of IRAN) in four last decades. In the first section of this thesis, aerial photographs and multitemporal satellite images if 40 years interval(1968-2007) have been analysed to determine the urban extent and growth of Ardabil city in eight different directions within a circular region. Pearson´s chi-square test and Shanon’s entropy method have been applied to calculate the degree-of-freedom and degree-of-sprawl towards the analysis of urban growth. Farthermore the degree-of-goodness has also been analysed. Degree-of-freedom for urban growth in four time period (that each of them was ten years) was very high, in north and east of Ardabil was to some extent low and for northeast, southeast, west and northwest of city was high and finally for south and southwest of the city was very high. Overall Degree-of-freedom also was extremely high. The results of entropy analysis shows that Ardabil city has been sprawled in four time periods and city has a general sprawling tendency in most of directions. Overall sprawl was also high and therefore it can be said that the city has a high overall sprawl, in consideration of both-pattern and process, during the time span 1968-2007. Finally from the analysis of degree-of-goodness it can be said that the city has not experienced goodness in urban growth and its values was negative in all directions.