GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2012 | Volume:12 | Issue:37|Papers Count:17

The study of active tectonics, and in particular those earas with relatively high activity in the Holocene and late Pleistocene is important to evaluate the earthquake hazard. In this study active tectonics of drainage basins in the east and north of Sahand Mountain, were assessed through morphotectonic analysis. Indexes used in this study include: ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), stream length–gradient index (Sl), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), index of drainage shape (Bs) and index of mountain from sinuosity (Smf). Results of analysis were expressed as an index of relative active tectonics (Iat). For eastimating active tectonic in the study region we used topographic maps (1:50000, 1:250000) and geological maps (1:100000, 1:250000). This index showed active tectonics of the area in four classes of low, medium, high and very high magnitude. The results of study showed that Saeed Abad- Chai, Kalgan-Chai and Almaloo-Chai have high tectonic activity. In other basins, the points of active tectonics are moderate. The north basins are affected by Tabriz fault.

Aras commercial and industrial free zone began to work from 2004 in the border city of in Jolfa East Azerbaijan. Free zone organization has defined many aims to work in the domains of commerce and industry. Study and detection of environmental potentials are main role in development planning. We tried it is tried to evaluate the climate tourism characteristics. Climatic data were obtained for 1985 to 2005 from Jolfa synoptic station and used for calculation of tourism climate index (TCI). Results of study on the basis of TCI showed that 9 months of the year from April to October have favorable conditions to excellent with respect to tourism activities. Months of December, January and February, have acceptable state in the zone. Also trend analysis of TCI variations for statistical period showed that April, June and October have positive and meaningful trends but in other months there are no meaningful trends.

Considering the importance of evapotranspiration in hydrologic cycle and its various applications in different sciences, calculating amount of actual evapotranspiration is very important. Case study area is the Meshkinshahr in Ardebil province. In this research first, using satellite images of Landsat/ETM +, NDVI maps and landuse was extracted. Then, using meteorological stations statistics in the neighboring Meshkinshahr amount of reference evapotranspiration was calculated with Blanney-Kridel method. We then interpolated these values was extended them to the surface. In the next step by using Brunsell and Gillies method and at the base of NDVI, vegetation fraction values were calculated. Finally, based on the Allen method, vegetation fraction layer multiplied by reference evapotranspiration layer and actual evapotranspiration map was extracted. Spatial analysis using GIS show high actual evapotranspiration take place in good pastures and lowest in urban land.

Land-use and land-cover (LULC) change is one of important factors influencing hydrologic regime, erosion processes and bio-diversity. Knowledge about land cover change process and its determinants is necessary for better natural resources planning and management. Modeling LULC changes provides useful information for better understanding on the process of changes, determining driving forces and predicting possible future conditions. Logistic regression is one of the mostly used statistical techniques for modeling the relationship between land use change pattern (dependent variable) and its driving forces (independent variable). In this study Land sat images of 1987 and 2000 were used to derive land-cover maps and to characterize patterns of land-cover changes during 13 years period. After pre-processing, the land-cover maps of 1987 and 2000 were generated using maximum likelihood classification of respective images. The map of changes occurred was then produced by post-classification comparison method. Data on some explanatory environmental and human-related driving forces, including: distance to the edge of the existing forests, distance to roads, distance to villages, distance to streams and slope, were extracted in the GIS environment. Using a logistic regression analysis with land-cover changes map as dependent variable, and above-mentioned data as independent variables, the land-cover change probability map was produced. Evaluating the fitted logistic regression model with ROC and Pseudo R2 indexes showed a good agreement of the predicted model and land-cover changes map. The results of this study can provide valuable information for future land-use planning of the region.

The effect of Sprinkler irrigation on soil thermal profile is one of the considerable factors in microclimatology studies and is the base of this study which has been done in The Botanic Garden of the University of Tehran. To obtain this goal, a research weather station was established in the Garden and soil temperature was observed in depths of 5, 10 and 20 cm at 06:30, 12:30 and 18:30 local mean time. Results of this study show that sprinkler irrigation has no effect on soil thermal profile. But it can reduce the range of soil thermal fluctuations at topsoil depths (5, 10 and 20 cm). The greatest effect of sprinkler irrigation on the range of soil thermal fluctuations has been occurred at the soil depth of 10 cm with value of 1.6oC. Also, sprinkler irrigation can reduce the average of soil temperature at the depth of 5 and 10 cm. The maximum effect of this reduction effect was occurred at the soil depth of 10 cm with value of 0.2oC. But at the soil depth of 20 cm, this effect has not had a specific result.

In 2007, IPCC notified that climate is certainly changing. Therefor, climate change under different scenarios has been important topic for scientific and politic agenda. Scientific evidences dictate any significant change in climate in global scale would influence local agriculture and food resources. In this paper, impacts of predicted climate change by Global Circulation model, HADCM2, under A1 scenario on actual water use of wheat crop has been assessed using CROPWAT model in two periods of 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 for Tabriz. Results indicate that mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures will increase by 2.7 and 2.9oC respectively and mean annual precipitation will decrease by 8% during 2040-2069 period compared to base period (1961-1990). In such conditions actual water use of wheat crop will increase by 8.3%. In 2070-2099 mean annual maximum and minimum temperature both will increase by 4.4oC and mean annual precipitation will decrease by 16.3%. In such conditions actual water use of wheat crop will increase by 9.6% compared to base period.

One of important issues that have been attracted the attention of urban planners, aging and obsolete in the inner and old parts of cities. In recent decades carried out interventions in order to renewal of these fabrics, has been caused problems. Pathology studies of intervention in the renewal of old and worn fabrics are one of important stages in urban planning that organized to assessment and analyze of physical, social, economic and cultural damages in the cities. In this research the pathology of interventions for rehabilitation of Feizabad neighborhood and residents participate in this intervention, has been investigated. The research method in this study based on descriptive and analytic methods and for data collection and identifying areas the library and field methods have been used. All statistical analysis using SPSS software and Arc/GIS applied to processing and analysis. The results of this study shows that the interventions has been done without considering the Partnership of residents and with up to 187 plates to concentrated ownership that not only did not lead to neighborhood renewal, but caused physical cultural, historical, social and economic damages, for Feizabad neighborhood.

In this research after supplying the data and TIN for a restricted area that was studied separately we studied land efficiency situation in georefrenced polygons with conformity of the city network on paths and streets along with the physiographics characteristic of the urban drainage? Runoff depth and flood water capacity of the 17 fold sub basins with different return periods were calculated using SCS and deductive approach. They did not show good efficiency because of shortness of the basin.The infiltration severity and the flood waters of the immediate approximation with different return periods was considered as dependent variables The impenetrable city basins and the changes across the city and changes due to development, as well as destruction of vegetation cover, soil compaction and the establishment of surface water systems that reduces water infiltration in the soil. Runoff depth and flood water capacity with the different returns were calculated through SCS and deductive approach.The research showed that there is a positive correlation between the maximum peak discharge and the rate of precipitation. Also there is a strong correlation between the maximum peak discharge and the maximum of intensity precipitation in 24 hours. By using the geographic information system (GIS) we drew topographic maps, soil and plant cover maps. Through preparing the maximum rainfall table in 24 hours and using the curve number (CN) formula and soil conservation service (SCS) model.The main object of this research was to determine the role of human factors, such as house or road, construction and the removal of plant cover and natural areas, on floods and also present some suggestions for solving flooding problems focusing on Shahid Gholipoor Avenue to Yakhsazi square of Rasht.

In this study the data relating to the absolute minimum daily temperatures of Tehran MehrAbad synoptic station during the statistical period of 1951-2010 (60 years) have been used. The Regression models (including Logarithmic and Polynomial) along with Mann-Kendal statistic were employed for detecting the significance of trends. The results of this study indicated meaningful and significant changes in extreme values of long term minimum temperatures of Tehran mehrabad station. However, these results explained that the low extreme temperatures of Tehran mehrabad station have been influenced by the commencement of the cold start and the trend has changed since 1970. The change detection results of the trend of changes in low extreme temperatures of Tehran mehrabad station proved to be positive. This is an indication of the reduction of severity of cold season and it’s approaching toward a moderate situation. This study showed that the Halt-Winter model is best method for forecasting future low extreme temperatures of Tehran Mehrabad station. The forecasted results of low extreme temperatures of Tehran shows that the low extreme temperature of Tehran at least in 2013 and 2020 will moderate to the top of zero. Considering that this significant ascending trend in Tehran low extreme temperatures are expectable and indicate gentle winter climate in the next 10 years.

Nowadays, it is not possible administration a city without enjoyment of knowledge urban Strategic development of cities planner, designer, designer, and expert affair as in study more the. Urban aim to showing is to set up modern solutions. Large city has faced toward other small and middle cities also with difficulties and problems. So though with Plan and Objective in Direction Solution this Problem is Paces, in Future will Blind Node Management City Country in Surface Regional National and Local. In most Country in Condition Expansion Tendency Programmer to Centralization Relate to Space, Inequality Decrease Regional and Binary Urban–Rural in Recent Period of Ten Days, Leading to Adopting is Turn Different Urbanization Methods. and one from Important this Method, Strengthening Middle Cities and theses Protection in this Essay has effort to Meantime Pointing to Design Middle Cities in Regional Expansion and City Sustainable Development, Necessity Subject City Management And Problems to Analysis Middle City.

Today the increasing population of the world in urban areas and developing countries especially in metropolitan cities susceptible to earthquake has necessitated a wider look at the natural events and tragedies resulting from them. Tabriz is considered to be one of the most susceptible cities to earthquakes due to the existence of active faults. Meanwhile, Tabriz 8 municipality district, as a cultural and historical municipality, has valuable historical places with worn-out texture, heavy traffic, and large population which make it of paramount importance to do research in the area of crisis management. In the present study, attempt is made to sort out riskable levels of the region in district 8 using the weight overlap indexical model in the GIS environment. The layers used in this model include distance from faults, construction quality, population growth and proximity to passages, proximity to open spaces, firefighting station, military places, gas station, and the topography of related area of study. Results obtained from the model indicate that only 13.94% of related area of study has optimal and a more optimal condition. 47.37% of the area was in normal condition in terms of risk ability in critical time. 38.69% of the area was in various undesirable situations which necessitates careful and regulated planning before, during, and after the crisis on the part of authorities. It should be pointed out that this article has been extracted from the Ph. D dissertation under the title of" The policies of crisis management in urban worn-out textures: A case study in district 8 of Tabriz municipality".

Knowing about flood producing potential in water basins could be benefit for various plans such as critical management, cost and budget management, water resource management and erosion preparation. In this research 62 hydrometric gauging stations, in west Azerbayjan province were selected and from existent equations, flood producing coefficient were evaluated for all studied regions. For this, in first steps, in none recorded and nongauged station and regions, homogeneous regions were specified. Then, using flood records with various return periods, regional flood producing coefficient were estimated. For identifying homogeneous regions, the Ward hierarchical cluster method was used. The L-moment diagram and goodness of fit test methods were used for selection of appropriate distributions. In west Azerbayjan, generalized Pareto distribution for region A, generalized extreme value, Pearson type III and Lognormal distributions for region B, Pearson type III, lognormal, generalized extreme value distributions for region C and lognormal and generalized extreme value distribution were appropriate for region D. Regional model evaluated for determination of flood discharge magnitude in different frequencies by linear and multiple regression methods. Finally, after evaluation of flood producing coefficient, using Geographic Information Systems, maps of Flood producing coefficient were constructed.

Debris flow is one of the most slope processes and material movement caues morphogens and increasing sediment load in rivers. This study aims debris flow in Northern Alvand slopes located in 15 Km distance far from Hamedan city by using aerial photograph and topography maps with 1:50000 and 1:25000 scales and ArcGis9 software. Total 44 samples from sample from debris flows are randomly selected for morphometry parameters such as liner section flow, deeps section, core width, slope and height using observation and measurement statistical real analysis regretion employing SPSS and Microsoft Excel software's. The deep section and slope volume debrises are modeled by deep erosion and weathering slope material measurement tool. Results showed that height and slope are most important parameters in the effects parameters in caues debris flow in studied region. On the other hand, debris flow concen tration are spread in 2700-3000 m altitude shows lithology tectonic and nivation with perglaciear erosion system effects in formation and development of debris flow. In addition, the results if this study based on the Cain and Biljinberg formula reveled that occurring precipitation in 15 to 105 minute ranges in some year's caues debris flow motion in the slopes and subsequently inside the rivers, resulting in increasing sediment load in rivers and denudation slopes in studied region.