GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2012 | Volume:12 | Issue:38|Papers Count:14

In this study monthly average temperature of Bandarabbas, Booshehr, Esfahan, Sanandaj, Tehran and Mashhad stations during 1960 to 2005 and also monthly data related to many variables of Enso index (Nino1+2, Nino3, Nino 3+4, Nino 4, MEI, Best) were used. Firstly correlation of each month of year with analogous months was calculated by using Pearson correlation coefficient and in addition to it correlation with one month delay time was also calculated. Meantime some stations showed fairly strong relation with surveyed variables in some months and after calculating their correlation with one month delay time, correlation of most stations with surveying variables were decreased and number of months with significant relation was increased in most cases. But amount of their definition coefficient was less than definition coefficient in simultaneous correlation mode. In relation to Nino 1+2 indexes Sanandaj station showed the most correlation in July. Yet in relation with other indices it has not had significant relation. In relation to other indices, Booshehr station has the highest correlation toward other stations during year especially in October. It seems that correlation of temperature of sample stations with different indices of ENSO has just been limited to two or three months of year that its amount in South stations (Booshehr and Bandarabbas) has been more than north stations.

The malaria is an infective dangerous disease characterized by shake, fever, and anemias and sometime is reported by hard and deadly effects. The malaria is created by protozoa from plasmodium family. This disease accession is affected by economical, social, and cultural problems especially environmental conditions. For doing this research, monthly climate elements (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation) in Chabahar meteorological station from 2003 to 2008 have been used. The information of Malaria cases was taken during these lengths from Chabahar health center in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The homogenity of time series was tested by run-test and we construedct missing value by auto-correlation. The normal hypothesis was accepted. We used descriptive statistics and correlation for analyzing this data. The findings of research showed that maximum cases of diffusion were at summer with 43%, those which are minimum were at winter with 5% during the year. The Pearson correlation analyses suggest that there were a high positive correlation between the disease cases with temperature average, minimum and maximum temperature averages at alpha level 0.01, minimum relative humidity, and relative humidity average at alpha level 0.05, and a negative correlation with rainfall at alpha level 0.01.

Borralan plain has located In the far Northwest of Iran in north of Maku City and in Iran-Turkey boundary and Nakhjavan Republic on Ararat mountain slopes. It is a desert area with topographic feature, which is rarely found in Azerbaijan. The major feature of this area is the expanse of basalt flows which formed the bed of plan and it separates the rest depression parts of Arax. Its geographical boundaries are beyond the present political boundaries, in an independent geographical unit. Along cold periods of quaternary that temperature of higher parts particularly Ararat and following immediate plain were more interference of exogenic processes especially mechanical weathering. Throughout warm seasons the land forms with presence of humidity and chemical weathering on this flow. Sands constituted and weather conditions from cold to warm and being drought and the variance with different pressures between mountains, wind erosion range, sand dune and Nebka extended and holes that extend along cold seasons with precipitation intensity. The main purpose of the present study is to recognize and study these forms with the land use approach. This study was conducted based on field observation as well as laboratory works with aerial photography 1:55000, topography maps 1:250000 and 1:100000 to investigate and analyze granulometry of alluvium and sandy winds.

Water resources are of the most important factors shaping the organization of geographical space in Iran. Water resources distribution from height of more than 3500m, present temporary snow line. Koohrang region is an important basin of Iran. In this study we used climatic data and snow depth in a 20 year period for Koohrang station in 6483*13 and 84279 cells. Geo-statistical, correlation, multiple regression and factor analysis. Were used the negative correlation with average daily temperature for dry and wet bulb temperature on 9 morning are -0.647,-0.640, -0.652 respectively (maximum correlation), and there is the maximum positive correlation with relative humidity on 9 a. m about 0.544. The amount of these climatic elements have a positive trend with the daylight increased (from 2. 08 on 6 A. M to 3. 82 on 12 A. M and to 6. 62 on 18 p. m). The Eigen value amount is 10. 608 and interpretation of 75% variance shows depth. According to calculated Z in Man-Kendal test, a positive trend of annual air temperature in the region exsist. Therefor increase in snow melt and decrease of precipitation in the solid form and water resources limitation are the sequences of air temperature increase.

In this research the detection, frequency and quality of behavior of extratropical cyclones in different seasons of year within 1995-1996 are studied. To reach such a goal, data of geopotential height with six-hour temporal resolution and spatial resolution (2.5. 2.5) for different levels (500, 600, 700, 850, 925, 1000) were extracted from atmospheric databases and used (NCEP/NCER). Cyclones were identified by which two requirements were considered including 1- the places whose geopotential height is minimum in relation to the eight neighboring places, 2- regional geopotential height gradient in nine points present in at least 100m/1000km. The results show that in all levels, cyclones in winter and autumn have the highest frequency with very little difference. Frequency distribution in winter is more unified than other seasons and cyclonic areas intend to lower latitudes. One of the most evident features of this season is the presence of cyclonic areas in Mediterranean region. Spring is in the third level due to its cyclonic frequency. From frequency perspective summer cyclones have the least amount with the highest difference. Gang cyclone as the most evident features of other cyclones in 1000 and 925 HP levels are seen in spring and summer. Summer rainfalls and 120-day winds of Sistan in the southeast of Iran are related to the formation of such a system.

Evaluation of groundwater quality is important for management of agricultural industry. Aim of this study is the evaluation of groundwater quality in Razan-Ghahavand plain by GIS for preparation of water requirement for agriculture. For this purpose we used averages collected data from 49 wells during 4 years period. These data include Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, pH, Chloride (Cl), Sodium (Na) and Sodium Attraction ratios. At first, the plan of water quality parameters was drawn by the use of descriptive methods prescribed by the consultants of California University and also interpolation methods. Then these plans were integrated together and the study area was divided into three zones with good, moderate and poor groundwater qualities for agriculture. Also results show that 43.7% of total area had undesirable concentration of sodium ions.

In the current study, thunderstorm occurrence data taking from 17 synoptic stations with the longest periods (from 1956 to 2005) have been analyzed to identify the associated spatial and temporal changes in the western part of Iran. First, to provide an initial statement of thunderstorm conditions in the study area, average days with thunderstorm have been mapped using ArcGIS software. Then, thunderstorm trends were established using statistical methods, by applying two of well-known non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's Estimator methods. Both estimators demonstrate excellent performance in the modeling of thunderstorm occurrence over time, regarding the discrete climatic data. Some spatial distributions of thundery days with significant trend were mapped in a ArcGIS setting on the subject of seasonal and annual time series. Final models determine that the number of days with thunderstorm is not homogeneous in some parts of the study area, since the thundery days decrease from the north to the south, showing an increasing trend in seasonal and annual scales consistently in the yearly extent.

Temperature is one of the most predominant elements having remarkable effects on determining the role and dispersion of other elements. It is also a fundamental indicator of spread and climatic classification. Planning based on temperature trend can be used in various bio-environmental issues such as urban, rural and agricultural systems. In this study, spectral analysis technique and ARIMA model were used in a 55-year time period (1955-2005) to reveal the dominant cycles and temperature modeling in Shiraz respectively. The results show that the cycles of 2.5 and 4 years are predominant on temperature in Shiraz. With modeling the temperature in ARIMA models, ARIMA (1-1-3) was selected as the optimal model. The model predicted 0.20oC increase in annual temperature in Shiraz.

Damaged fabrics and inefficient districts' form most of our urban area. This part of cities with some problems such as; physical, functional, and environmental can be threatful for them. However with existence urban land for housing and service supply, open spaces and other potentials have a positive role in upgrading urban environment. This paper at first tries to describe the natural, social, economical and cultural criteria of the Maybod and then determines the limits of damaged fabrics by use of some criteria such as: urban blocks more than 50 percent of which have not any foundations and access routes in it less than 6 meters width. Finally with use of some methods we recognized strength, weakness, opportunity and threat points to offer some polices to reduce vulnerabilities and threats in management of damaged fabrics in Maybod city. One of the strategies and policies at these fabrics is reform and widening of narrow transport networks, developing of service and recreation, sport, sanitation, tourism spaces, and having some financial facilities to inhabitants for housing planning by high level participation of them in urban renewal and urban improvement. All of them can be enforceable by the management of the cities. Method of research in this paper is descriptive and analytical by use of strategic planning (SWOT) and data collecting of research is documental and survey.

Change detection is a basic requirement in management and evaluation of natural resources. Landuse change map which is the result of land change processes can be obtained from multi-temporal images. Various techniques have been presented for landuse/lancover change detection. In this study, images of landsat TM) 1988 and landsat (ETM+) 2001 were analyzed using 4 change detection techniques in 80470 hectares in Daresher region, Ilam Province. Change detection techniques considered were standardized and non-standardized principal component analysis (PCA) differencing, applying Canonical component analysis (CCA) differencing and Tasselled Cap (KT) differencing that all are in transformation group. Since these methods require determining threshold, therefor, statistical methods for determining the threshold level was used being achieved from the change threshold. In this study, threshold level was set at ±1 standard deviation from the mean. After determing optimal threshold, areas having decreasing change increasing change and no change were determined. Based on ground data and field work, aerial photo of 1:20000 and Google Earth, accuracy assessment of change detection techniques was carried out using overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient. According to the results, PC1difference image of CCA transform with overall accuracy of 98 and Kappa coefficient of 0.97 showed the largest accuracy among applied change detetion techniques in the Daresher region.

First order of Markov chain is a process that depends on the previous process. The two-two transition probability which indicates the situation of rainy or non-rainy days should be determined to use the first order of Markov chain. For this study, 49 stations in Fars province were selected, and the transition probabilities of months of November to April were calculated by using the first order of Markov chain, separately and then the spatial variations of the transition probabilities were prepared. These transition probabilities can be used for simulation daily rainfall and different dry day return periods. The results showed that the occurrence probability of rainfall and return periods of different dry day were more in February and March, and in November were lower than the months of December to April. On the other hand, the occurrence probability of rainfall and return periods of different dry day were low in November to April in south of Fars province, and increased towards the north and north-west of the province. Therefore, the north and north-west of the province are the most appropriate places in the Fars province for dryland farming of different crops such as wheat.

Long time series are needed for analysis of time variation, trend of extreme events, risk estimation and possible events. One of the most important time series in geographical and climatic science is daily maximum and minimum temperature. These two parameters use daily evapotranspiration estimation, determination of water balance and climate change study. Maximum and minimum temperature are measured in meteorological stations. However, different statistical years, deficiency in statistical data and error of measurement cause variation in time series. Therefore, reconstruction of time series is very important. This research evaluates reconstruction of daily extreme temperatures to nearest neighbor and artificial neural network methods for five stations in the west of Tehran Province. In the nearest neighborhood method correlation between respective maximum or minimum temperature is used. Whilst in the artificial neural network using meteorological stations network the minimum and maximum daily temperature are reconstituted. Neural network used in this research is a multilayer feed forward network with back propagation algorithm and hidden layer.Results show that artificial neural network method had least mean absolute error for all stations compared to the nearest neighbor method. With increasing distance of the station the estimated error increases in the nearest neighbor method. Accuracy of the two methods in estimating daily maximum is more than the daily minimum temperature.

Discussion about passive defense has a long history especially in construction of urban spaces as well as public buildings. Accuracy of this claim can be found in initial of Islam wars and defensive measures such as digging ditches, and making a fort. Nowadays is felt that considerations of passive defense for reducing casualties of war due to advancement of technology and its impact on the development of WMD should be improved.A defensive consideration in urban development is most important because of Iran has strategic objectives and strategies such as: authoritarianism, seeking glory, preservation of territorial integrity, political independence, pattern of local development etc. Also considering the passive defense in countries especially in Iran due to their placement in the Middle East and having unique opportunities such as: geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-strategic geo-ideological aspects on the other hand are important.Sensitive office buildings of Shahriar city are studied and they characterize to reduce damage from enemy attacks. Generally collected data is library based and field studies have been applied.In this study, we firstly identified hazard zones in country and also we determined buildings sensitive in Shahriyar. We can there by prevent financial and physical damages before occurrence of any war where these damages can potentially more than other parts of city.