URBAN MANAGEMENT
Year:2017 | Volume:16 | Issue:46 |Papers Count:33

In today’ s world of tools and techniques for planning a great deal of progress has been However, a theoretician of urban planning of the various models used to measure the growth and development of cities. The descriptiveanalytic study, researchers used quantitative methods, population density, and metropolitan size, model, and model Holdern entropy, to determine the spatial pattern of metropolitan development Mashhad. The results show that the growth rate is reduced and the dispersed metropolis, Mashhad metropolis is the compression of moving. It also shows that the size of the metropolitan area of Mashhad metropolis during the period 1270 to 1390, 47 times and 56 times the population of the metropolitan area. Results Holdern equation identifies, On average, one-tenth of urban growth is not due to population growth and increased But also due to factors other than population growth that Holdern the horizontal distribution of calls made; In other words, the process of urban growth, Mashhad metropolis during the period (1355-1390), 9% of expansion of urban decline and the population has increased. The results of the analysis of metropolitan development Mashhad in the past half century; Reveals the fact that the plans and projects of urban planning developments and issues that have arisen not respond to an Unthought and uneven urbanization is occurring Such a form of development, the model of a coherent body of a patient who has lost his space.

Abomeein Din al-Hakim Naser Ben Khosrow Ghobadiani Marvazi, poet, writer, philosopher and traveler, which describe the pilgrimage to the Hindu brother and servant wrote. In seven years, more than a hundred cities and territories such as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Asia Minor, Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, Syria, Palestine, Tunisia and Sudan had violated and notes written about them which is one of the most important travel Iran and the world. In this travelogue, Naser Khosrow tries to enter any cities, and urban elements that were important to him in his pen describe. Although Nasser Khosrow was unaware of Urban Science; But his attention was about the elements of the city. The reader today, brings the idea in the Seljuk period. And the reader is familiar with the art of urban design at the time. The purpose of this paper is to focus on urban design elements that Naser Khosrow described in the itinerary. This article was written descriptive and analytical methods and techniques based data collection tool library. The results indicate seven major element of urban design that Naser Khosrow them during his seven-year journey is examined.

Human behavior in geographical atmosphere is the reflection of the effect of objective processes and mental categories. Human grudges about the life conditions based on his/her mental backgrounds and perceptions of the environment. On the one hand these judgments show the dreams and ambitions and on the other hand show the outside mind of human. Nevertheless, satisfaction can be considered as a judgment of the quality of life different parts of the environment. Outside of the mind environment consists of social, skeletal, and natural dimensions that in relation ship wait each other from the residential living atmosphere. Building the residential living space and its relation ship with different dimensions is the result of human function. And planed or a planned manipulation good or bad-in the residential living space; There for, human satisfaction from the environment shows the amounts of the goals there are achieved fur there more, satisfaction and disseats faction reflects people’ s participation in development’ s because people’ s participations in developments: because people’ s participation in developing programs makes the atmosphere more suitable for residents. The goal of this study is the identification of effective factors on villager’ s satisfaction and priorities of that people’ s view and village official’ s and with the help of analytic hierarchy process. Thus, firstly it is divided for four groups of social, economical, skeletal and natural and then priority was done. the results show that economical factors were the most important one among the official in village environment and social factor’ s were the most important among the villagers. at the end of the study, based on the research, suggestion were provided.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate indicators of domestic marketing and its relationship with quality services. Today introduced the concept of internal marketing and service quality, the importance of the organizations internal customers (employees) in the service of high quality is clearer than ever. The method used by the target application, depending on the type of descriptive data and correlation of performance. The populations of the city of Shiraz bank employee’ s present study (950 subjects) that make up the sample, 274 people were selected as sample. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire: the questionnaire domestic marketing first and second questionnaire measures quality of service is measured. Cronbach’ s alpha coefficients to assess the validity of that 85/81 / is used. Spearman correlation test and Friedman test to test assumptions have been used. The results show there is a significant relationship between indicators of domestic marketing and service quality.

Globalization is a phenomenon that has occupied the minds of many thinkers and politicians have. The diversity and different features of globalization and its impact on different aspects of urban life leaves many urban planners and politicians would certainly have been closer integration with the international community; Another idea that has spread across cities, the notion of “ right to the city” to emphasize the rights of residents in the city. This study investigates the effects of globalization on the right to the city’ s residents. In the study, globalization and the right to study and then study the effect of globalization on the right to the city will be discussed.

Although there are different definitions of culturalism, but from the perspective of multicultural experts culturalism to oversee the identity and does not know any difference. But those differences and identities are included. Rooted in the culture-meaning the beliefs and actions of the groups and their people understanding, the understanding and the life of the individual and the organization itself-is. However, the influence of culture on the layout of cities and architecture of the important issues that needs to be reviewed and scrutinized. The methodology of this paper, “ descriptive” that the documentary method of collection tools including library research and notetaking technique is used. The findings show that from the perspective of humanistic culture to a higher and more important requirement of residence, period. In the role of religion and belief systems is very prominent. Faced with a vast human world, unknown and chaotic is actually a kind of fear and confusion. That’ s why trying to regulate the environment posed by the practice, human and intellectual discipline your mind to the outside world imposes. This psychologically, as well as the aspirations and wishes him calm and values and meeting the physical aspect. So he wishes and values in the form of frozen buildings are always in their eyes. Do not forget to correct behavior and ways to continually remind him; the environment to humans, in fact a depiction of a mental disorder that makes reference to the universe and living things.

As head of the municipal planning and urban management in cities are known; It is the duty of service to the citizens. In order to create an acceptable environment for citizens to implement projects and programs, their costs are known by the name of municipal revenue. These revenues are sometimes directly and sometimes indirectly in the circumstances. Review and analysis of these revenues can be useful and helpful for planning better in cities. Therefore, in this study, stable income urban municipalities with a sustainable development approach will be discussed in Bandar Abbas. The research populations are residents of Bandar Abbas and officials of the civil administration. The Student t-test to measure used to evaluate the stability of financial resources and income. As well as regression analysis the effect of increasing revenue and developing sustainable social, cultural and development of Bandar Abbas municipal evaluated. And finally municipal revenue sources through VIKOR models were evaluated and ranked.

The aim of this paper is to provide a model for brand community impact on brand performance in the media products producer organizations. The study population is Sony’ s society that is consisted of two groups: online customers of Sony’ s brand and managers, marketers and sellers of Sony products. The sample size for two groups in the absence of accurate statistics according to Cochran is 384 people that were selected by simple random sampling. Research tools for online customers of Sony’ s brand is online brand community, Inventory and research tools for managers, marketers and sellers of Sony products are brand performance and openness questionnaire. To validate the assessment tool was used lisrel software and then The Cronbach’ s alpha was used to ratability. Hypothesis tested by PLS structural software. The results showed a online brand community powerful influence on brand performance four elements and also the results showed that online brand community impact the mediation role of openness brand on brand performance was confirmed. This study developed a unique model of a brand community impact process on brand performance. Openness brand as a bridge and get feedback, on the other hand, openness brand can effect on the relationship between the brand community and brand performance.

The opinions expressed in the knowledge economy, human development the final ring of the vote, its realization depends on the development in four dimensions: political, cultural, economic and social will be at the same time. Amartya Sen, the renowned economist Hindi is the most important promoters of this theory, believes that to achieve development in all these dimensions, freedom means must be secured. One of them is freedom of access to social opportunities. This freedom is unmatched and very important role in the realization of human development. One of the most important factors in access to social opportunities, their proportionate distribution that deal with urban design is complete. The state as the first responsible for the implementation of urban development process is responsible for living spaces and distribution facilities are designed in such a way that no citizen because of difficulty of access, deprived of social opportunities.

Meet the social needs of the people and provide the necessary opportunities in the field and headquarters experience of his social and physical space is required. It is interpreted that the public space; this space, social space where individuals and groups are involved in it and the exchange of ideas and their thoughts. On the other hand, public opinion can be process into three parts: a) formation, b) guidance and c) divided inhibition; Today mass media in forming, leading and significant role and have considerable liquidation of public opinion. The study of theories relating to the following theoretical with the public and formation processes in the city and on the other hand, public opinion in urban areas, necessity. Investigated and analyzed in this paper. Descriptive and analytic methods of this research with data collection tools including library studies and documents. And the method of logical reasoning has been used in analyzing the texts and related theories. The results and findings of the study indicate. Planting ideas for shaping the public opinion can be highlights, atmosphere, giving credit to the topic of social media, overcoming ignorance plural relationship between the subject and the personal interests of citizens noted. Also, apart from the difference between space and place in the city, there is a set of components derived from the above-mentioned theory. It could be possible to use them in urban design provided the infrastructure to develop them.

The main focus of metropolitan modernity in a society that society. In order to evaluate the modernization individuals should be studied in the context of cities, because cities are constantly changing and evolving. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing youth culture modernization is urbanization. The purpose of this study was functional, descriptive and correlational in nature and in terms of the survey. The research population consisted of all youth 29-15 years in Tehran. Based on Cochran formula, the sample size was determined 400 that were selected by random sampling. In order to collect data from a questionnaire containing 30 questions was used. Face and content validity of items with comments of experts for review, approval and were modified. Cronbach’ s alpha variables were also the top 0. 7, which represents the internal consistency of the items and their reliability was acceptable. Data analysis using bivariate regression and application software were conducted. The results adjusted coefficient of determination showed that the variables of religiosity, the use of mass media, socio-economic status and education level of approximately 22%, 50%, 2/34% and 2/51% of the variability %, 1/48% and 8/61% increased. Standardized regression coefficients also revealed that for every one unit increase in religiosity, the use of mass media, socio-economic status and education level of young people in the urban culture of modernity that 23%, 55%, 1/48% and 8 / 61% increase.

Qajar architecture is considered as the historic season of Iranian architecture regarding the separation from the past traditions and keep pace with the achievements of the Western civilization. Qajar palaces, as the most progressive architectural works to attract the transformations of architecture in their era, played a vital role to change the values of Iranian architecture. This article investigates the tendency towards the Western architecture in palaces of Qajar Era and is looking for to evaluate the quiddity of this tendency from a critical view. The method in this research is case studies and combined strategies and the data collection has been prepared through the literature review and fieldwork. Research findings show that Qajar government did not have significant emphasis on gaining the technological and structural advances of the West and Qajar kings were limited and satisfied with superficial shifts to cover the weaknesses of their government. This approach, which rose to its peak at the late Naserid period, without having any concern for the evolution of the ancient patterns of Iranian architecture, finally weakened historical architectural traditions and caused to appearance of the completely alien and unfamiliar royal palaces in Iran.

Most scholars believe that the field of transport in the South East, in particular Iran Sistan and Baluchestan Chabahar port closest and most efficient path for energy transfer and commodities. The path connecting the Sea of Oman and the Indian Ocean to Afghanistan and countries in the field of CIS, India, China and even Russia and St. Petersburg, North-South corridor has been created. As the District of South Pars Energy Special Economic Zone of Chabahar is the country also has the potential to become a special area of energy transfer. This is due to the competitiveness of energy-consuming countries and international transit potential in this direction proved. So the promotion of the area specialized in energy transfer and connection-oriented East markets, Afghanistan, India, China and countries of the CIS area in Europe, Middle East and Africa, with a positive impact on the development process in the region. To create job opportunities, improve communications and consequently the exit area of geographic isolation and social divisions improved development indicators was reduced.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the structural parameters of urban management in effecting a significant contribution to the development of political culture it is. The aim of the present study was functional, descriptive in nature, in terms of procedure survey. The study population consisted of citizens in Tehran in 1395 was 29-18. The sample size of 200 was determined. Was multistage cluster sampling method? To measure the variables of the questionnaire consists of 20 items was used. To check the validity with respect to the nature of the subject, including the validity of the judgment on the validity of the questionnaire (expert opinion) and formal was used. To test reliability of Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient was used. Because the amount obtained for the changing political culture (0. 819), the participation of citizens (0. 791), civil rights (0. 714), provision of municipal services (0. 753), was higher than 7. 0 indicates internal consistency of the items and confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. Test hypotheses using one sample t-test inferential bivariate regression was performed using the software SPSS22. So it can be said the urban management structure and political culture in the study population was in good condition. According to the results for every one unit increase in citizen participation, respect people’ s rights and the provision of municipal services were 47 percent, 56 percent and 33 percent to improved feelings, and perceptions that the political system was added.

Humans in terms of social and cultural conditions responsibly or irresponsibly towards the environment have expressed reactions. Shiite, as powerful spiritual authority and compelling environment for a person knows. And it has the legal right and knows that must be met. Ahead article seeks to answer the question that is systematic and objective conceptual tool to meet and interact with the environment we have? Shiite religious and moral system meets the legal system and applied ethics of nature. And the believers with little scrutiny and reflection can train and recruit a few simple and clear rule, more responsible approach towards maintaining and expanding adopt environment. What the man of the law, as it can not violate someone’ s rights. When exposure is required and the efficiency of its nature as a coherent whole, purposeful and have the character and rights to know. And in return for productivity, the maintenance and development it was also replaced. And otherwise ensure that crime is forbidden. The mechanism of training-thanks to some carefully applied within the framework of the rule of law, “ no harm” and “ waste” has been formulated and presented.

Urban spaces are representations of the citizens’ life quality based on the environmental, cultural and social structures. One can come to a clear and general overview on this point by analyzing those structures as parts of the whole city or society. The study of urban spaces from this point of view has been neglected due to several reasons including the easiness of understanding the physical and environmental aspects compared to the meaning and performance of the urban spaces. In other words, the humanistic and phenomenological approaches have not been applied enough in studying the quality of urban spaces. The emphasis on the mentioned approaches has led to recognize the effectiveness of the environment on the human behaviors and activities. Such effectiveness is professionally studied in the field of environmental psychology. Accordingly, this article attempts to provide a theoretical-analytical investigation on the effectiveness of environment on the human behavior emphasizing on those behaviors that are the consequent of limiting the presence of some social groups – especially the women-in the urban spaces which in turn leads to a gendered urban spaces. From the methodological point of view, this study is a strategic-urban research with an applied method retrieved from the results of descriptive-inferential and library-based studies based on which our model is formed. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the ecological theory and Lang’ s Positive Concept theory.

Receive moral messages, with an emphasis on personal relationships and the ethics of care can lead people value human relations and social responsibility. Their moral development, particularly ethic of care, can be physical characteristics such as caring, compassion, benevolence, kindness and responsibility to foster the sort. Dimensions moral education focused on individual moral judgment and moral and social responsibility towards the community; Because components of media literacy includes cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and moral, so the relationship between ethics and social responsibility in following ethical dimension of media literacy takes place. Because morality is considered one of the constructive aspects of social responsibility; Regardless of man and his moral action is meaningless; And human action a moral judgment about the message that one of the business environment. The main purpose of this article is to review the three components of media literacy, literacy and communication between them on the side of moral and social responsibility requirements in the context of human agency as the media is to provide a logical analysis of angles, perspective and challenges facing the concepts revealed. According to this argument no attention to the safety, health and welfare of the public good, it is the social responsibility and the ability to manage them. Keeping in mind that the concept of morality with knowledge of social responsibility, ethical literacy and media literacy as one of the sides (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and moral) can be at par with other human needs of the twentieth century and I was supposed to live. As ethics and communication behaviors focuses on personal and individual decisions. On the contrary, social responsibility, social aspects and issues related suprapersonal. And media literacy among both approaches is needed.

Marketing mix elements, especially price, distribute and promote brand equity plays a major role in creating them. And by increasing its effectiveness and efficiency, strength and brand value also will be upgraded. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the elements of the marketing mix (price, place, promotion) with Sabah brand equity among customers is the city of Gorgan. The methodology of this research is descriptive and correlational. And the population of all customers in the city of Gorgan Sabah intended that their number is unlimited. And the number of samples based on simple random sampling method, using Morgan table, 384 people. The data questionnaire with standardized questionnaire U, Danto and Lee (2000), which is used Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient of 0. 7 of all the variables. To analyze the data, smartpls. 2 software-based structural equation modeling was used. The results of the main assumptions of the study indicated that between price and brand equity, there is a significant relationship between advertising and brand equity, but there is no relation between the distributions with the brand equity. Between price and brand associations, international distribution and brand awareness, between advertising and brand loyalty, brand awareness between advertising, and between loyalty between advertising and perceived quality, perceived quality and brand associations and brand equity there is a significant relationship. But the price and price to customer loyalty perceived quality and perceived quality between distributions and there is no significant relationship between distribution and customer loyalty.

Iran with more than seven thousand years of urbanization and topographic conditions and more geographically diverse, one of the treasures of the world’ s architectural history; Climatic variations on the one hand and a long history of living on the other hand, has led to this country in the field of architecture and urbanism, achievement is noteworthy and valuable. But these factors are less used in architecture today is celebrating. Urbanization, technological progress and the needs of the increasing economic, more people away from nature and flowing them in a repetitive system has molding machine. Meanwhile, the man is part of nature and his close association with nature, the survival and continuity of life. One houses in Iran which shows the relationship between man and nature. An Iranian yard selection is symbolic nature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of indigenous natural elements houses the city of Yazd. The research method was descriptive of the type of case (native house-Yazd) and collection of data is done by library and field.

The primarily goal of urban planning is to improve life quality, create a quiet and interesting environment for citizens. Urban furniture as one of the most important elements of the urban environment plays a significant role in creating desirable and agreeable environments. Standardization of urban furniture results in increased utility of these elements, more stability of urban furniture and improved satisfaction level in citizens. Lack of standardization in urban furniture results in visual disorganization and users dissatisfaction. The present article, performs data collection with field measurement and distributes questionnaire among users of these furniture, and furthermore evaluates the quality and quantity of these elements using GIS and SPSS software. Based on the case study, multiple weak points were found in planning phase of the elements, including lack of proper localization of different urban furniture, accumulation of different furniture, environmental disarrangement due to unbalanced dispersion of elements and etc. Moreover, the studies comparatively investigate common standards of urban furniture and current situation. Based on field investigations and questionnaire distribution, results indicate that inhabitant’ s satisfaction of furniture is in a low level.

Sustainable development, green architecture, Islamic identity-Iran and architecture matched with the climate, the composition of sentences. Today, in every city of Iran on posters on the forums or design to show off the texture and structure; The views of citizens armed with messy situation buildings and architectural philosophy and thought with his skin and understands how to build them. And perhaps ask himself what is the root of these contradictions? What ideas are hidden behind these buildings? Is the architecture of the past or modern forms and methods of academic education of these cities have shaped their state? Whether architecture has the tools that are the foundation of architecture such as light, sound, access, directions, etc; The design space boundaries are? The main objective of this research into the origin and cause of the development of architecture is based on quantities such as dimensions, materials, industrial and general uniformity in Mathematics and Physics in the construction space, instead of the qualities that the relationship between space, people, lifestyle and human cultures Honors deals. To this end, a reference to developments in space science in the 17th century and Descartes ideas will lead. Review the mentality of European science and engineering to the crisis and its challenges as well as solutions such as new phenomenology to deal with this crisis will be discussed. Follow these ideas and their impact on Iran and Iranian architecture engineer, explanations and examples will be provided. In this study of qualitative methods to identify and analyze the effects of residential buildings by comparing the different functions of the Qajar, Pahlavi and the Pahlavi II will be used. To process these changes be evaluated.

This study aimed to evaluate intellectual capital components was performed on Social Security. Research methodology, in terms of applied research and descriptive terms of procedure (interstitial) is; The population in this study, all senior managers in social security organizations, which number about 500 people. The sample size of 217 was calculated according to the formula Cochran. The measurement instrument was a questionnaire to assess the validity and content validity by experts calculate the validity and relevance of the questions and the components were confirmed. The Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient was used to assess reliability. The results of the study showed that alpha coefficient of reliability equal to 0. 881 calculated and given that is greater than 0. 7. Inventory management can be concluded that the use of reliability is required. To analyze the data descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, cumulative percentage, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA and structural equation modeling was used. In this research, intellectual capital into three categories: human capital, structural capital (organizational) and customer capital is divided. The results showed that human capital has a significant positive impact on employees’ intellectual capital. Capital structure is also positive and significant impact on employees, intellectual capital and relational capital is also a significant and positive impact on employees’ intellectual capital.

The ideals of democracy and good governance can not be achieved without healthy, safe environments. Transparency, human resources, social and cultural development of the economic situation in five public service is an important factor in maintaining a secure environment. Health opposite of corruption and statebuilding in developing countries and closely associated with democracy. Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to identify challenges and provide a solution for executive agencies to official health policy is successful. For a good pace in the development of the movement. So the first step in a series of necessary infrastructure for successful policy bureaucracy and fight corruption in the health field should be recognized. According to the literature research were identified in this study. Delphi panel of professors, PhD In this study, 21 people with executive experience have been used for clustering elements of confirmatory factor analysis. To analyze the data obtained from VB code used in Microsoft Excel. The measurement model using partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software was evaluated. The results show that the most important infrastructure consists of research, social development, cultural development, human resources, economic conditions, international cooperation and information systems in order to improve the transparency component of international cooperation (with two indexes) was eliminated in the second round due to the integration of expert opinion. The results also show that transparency in infrastructure and information systems in order to promote e-government procedures and Cyber administrative bureaucracy has the greatest impact on health.

The different approaches towards reconstruction after the earthquake affected areas of interest to planners and an architect in the reconstruction process is affected houses. In the meantime, choose the optimum approach or approaches, requires consideration of a number of indicators such as cultural background, family and community to improve safety conditions, the cost of reconstruction, restoration and improvement of living conditions, political situation, implementation mechanisms, and how to raise capacity the society is damaged. The main factors that interfere in the decision-making process have a special role in the reconstruction process. Including the role of the central government agency responsible for reconstruction, reconstruction of participating agencies, local government, and the affected community and above all the participation of victims in natural disasters are in line with the design or manufacture of the affected areas. In this article, using meta-analysis to review and summarize studies and experiences in the field of participation of victims in the process of reconstruction after the earthquake deal; the data collection instrument consisted of library studies and documents have benefited. At the end, all the available research is summarized and analyzed. And their results are discussed in the form of tables.

This study aimed to investigate the effect and prioritization of types of organizational culture on happiness in organization with the mediation of spirituality in the workplace is done. The research method was descriptive and correlation study, structural equation modeling. The population consisted of all employees of ICT Organization of Tehran Municipality is that uses stratified random sampling. Proportional to the size of each class 172 people were selected for study. For gathering of research data of three standard questionnaires of Organizational culture, spirituality and happiness in the workplace was used. Research data after collecting by using statistical software LISREL, SPSS were analyzed. Structural equation modeling results showed that the impact of organizational culture on happiness and spirituality in the workplace is a positive and significant, the impact Spirituality in the workplace on happiness is positive and significant.

Foundation in traditional religious concepts and practices based on the principles and laws derived from human, including identity which are considered as an important and constructive in our city to be used. Among the pillars of the Islamic city neighborhood that has lost its identity in contemporary urban construction. Contemporary neighborhoods without regard to the rules without vitality to urban areas has brought today. This article by understanding the problem of urbanization today, with the aim of reviving the notion of privacy lies in the structure of traditional neighborhoods in the city has stepped contemporary. For the purpose of this article, Pamenar neighborhood of Tehran, for example, is considered traditional ones. Strengths, weaknesses and the factors affecting the formation of confidentiality in the neighborhood SOWT and analyzed using the techniques identified in the field. And using AHP technique is evaluated. Finally, the factors identified in the framework of contemporary urban design proposals will be presented.

Understand the challenges of environmental, social and economic importance of informal settlements stage design of policies and practical solutions for real. The studies in this area should be scientific and rational basis in the light of the current realities of the society have materialized; So that they can be used in the field of infrastructure planning processes and the management of the city; And the effectiveness of measures to improve city management. And process and knowledge process in urbanization is investigated. This research is descriptive-analytic method. The data collection instrument consisted of library studies and documents available benefited. Finally, to clarify the role of the steps, approaches and methods of ethnography in urban studies is described briefly.

Stable decision making is possible with the participation of citizens; Because in the present century population and the needs of the urban has increased and the application of ICT as one of the main demands of managers and citizens used in the supply of urban services. Accordingly the aim of this study is investigating the impact of ICT in promoting social participation of citizens. The research method was descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population consisted of all citizens in Tonekabon that is based on simple random sampling method and Cochran sample size formula, 319 students were selected as sample size and to measure the variables, the data collected through questionnaires and then coded and Voted were analyzed using spss software. By calculating descriptive characteristics of the variables and extract tables and graphs, the distribution of variable traits examined and tested hypotheses. The results showed that access to ICT has an impact on participation rates. It was confirmed at the 0. 05 significance level that information literacy of citizens impacts on satisfaction of IT services and the social participation of citizens. Based on these results, it is concluded that application of IT and development of its infrastructure, leading to increased social participation by citizens.

This article, Shows Indigenous knowledge and modern on Traditional participatory management Exploitation of the grassland in tribe of Mamassani in Fars and Changes made Caused by Quasi-government modernization. In this article We have been used methods Grounded Theory And techniques Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA), Semi-structured interviews, Observation, Walking in the field and Focus groups After analyzing data collected from the field Through coding(Open coding, Axial coding and Selective coding) With the central class selection grassland sustainable participatory management, Suggests a participatory management model The maintenance, Exploitation, improvement and development of natural resources(grassland), for achieved An optimal way for the restoration and development of renewable natural resources Up to application of this method, Part of unintended changes That by the quasigovernmental modernism That not compatible with lives of people and has associated harmful effects, Will Resuscitation and prevent the destruction of most of these resources.

Foundation for Nature and the things that are in it has been established based on specific proportions. Human and this proportion have been discovered in the distant past. Master architect to transform the concept of geometry and its innovative use of space and form in the design process easier. And minimizes erosion of the concept in the process. The result of such a process, a kind of architecture that is far from the impression of taste, in terms of regularity and symmetry is understandable. Architectural design will be in the form of geometry. And the geometric thinking up in order to reveal the architectural design process. Geometry and Proportion are part of an unbreakable architecture. One of the most interesting geometric features many historic buildings, there is the golden proportions. However, many of the monuments in our country have not been examined so far in terms of geometry. Iran has always emphasized the beauty of architecture and building dimensions Iranians have tried to operate the cosmic reflection are manifested on the ground. Geometric analysis can be revealed through traditional structures. The different proportions, such as the golden ratio widely in Iranian architecture design plans, sections, geometric patterns and architectural, structural and mechanical features have been used. The results show that the geometry and proportions are many life forms found in nature. And to elaborate employed by traditional Iranian architecture to be built in a traditional architectural style; which implies the right and engineering design methodology is correct. In addition, the use of proportions because of visual beauty in the visual arts and architecture are of particular importance. And almost all works of art have been created by some kind of fit.