JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2020 | Volume:19 | Issue:85 |Papers Count:15

Background: Depression is one of the most common chronic diseases among people with high levels of comorbidity with other mental disorders. But the key question is, does the interpretation of interpretation bias affect the repair and reduction of behavioral and cognitive symptoms in patients with depression? Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of correction of interpretation bias on the repair and reduction of behavioral and cognitive symptoms in patients with depression. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and follow-up. The statistical population of this study consisted of 15 patients with mild to severe depression who were selected by convenience sampling method. Tools include the Beck Depression Inventory (1961), an edited version of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), Baron and Cohen's Eye Reading Test (1), and the Persian Version of the Mind Reading Test by Sound (Nejat). Et al., 2015). Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: Interpretation bias correction has an effect on repair and reduction of behavioral and cognitive symptoms in patients with depression (p<0/001) Conclusions: Interpretation bias correction can be used to reduce cognitive and behavioral symptoms of depression.

Background: Critical thinking is a process that affects couples intimacy. But the question is: does critical thinking affect the psychological capital and intimacy of married men and women? Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of critical thinking training on increasing psychological capital and intimacy of married men and women in Tehran. Method: The design of this study was quasiexperimental with pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all couples who referred to counseling centers in Tehran 2 in order to resolve their marital problems. The sample consisted of 90 couples referring to counseling center who were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The research was conducted with the help of Lutz et al. Questionnaire of psychological capital and parent's marital intimacy. Tools include McGee's Psychological Capital (2011), Parenting Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (2006), and Critical Thinking Educational Protocol: Fisher's Critical Thinking Educational Content (2005) and Myers (1986). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: Critical thinking training had an effect on psychological capital and marital intimacy of couples (p≥ 0/001). Conclusions: Critical thinking training can increase psychological capital and marital intimacy of couples and therapists' families can use this educational method to improve the marital relationship of Iranian couples.

Background: Learning new words, visual memory, and selective attention are among the factors that influence the academic achievement of elementary students. But the key question is: does white noise affect students' learning new words, visual memory, and selective attention? Aims: To investigate the effect of white noise on learning new words, active visual cue and selective attention in elementary school students. Method: The study was experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population was all the elementary students of second year of Bavi city of Khuzestan province in the academic year of 1397-98. Group 50 (n = 50) were randomly assigned. Research tools include the New Words Researcher Test, Jean-Louis Celie's Visual Active Memory Test (2012), and Selective Attention Testing, Concentration and Attempt d2 (Bagheri, 2012). Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance method. Results: White noise had a significant effect on learning new words in elementary students (P<0/000). There was no significant effect on visual memory (P>0/05) and selective attention (P>0/470). Conclusions: White noise can be used to enhance the learning of new words in elementary school students.

Background: Maternal attachment is one of the factors that can cause stress in mothers. But the key question is, is there a relationship between maternal attachment and parental stress and the mediating role of maternal anger? Aims: To investigate the relationship between maternal attachment and parenting stress with the mediating role of maternal anesthesia. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of mothers of 3 to 6 year old children who attended kindergartens under the supervision of Welfare of Jiroft from February 95 to June 96. 290 individuals were selected by cluster sampling method. Parents include the Parental Stress Scale-Short Form (Abidin, 1995), the Collins and Reed Adult Attachment Scale (1996), and the five-dimensional self-report questionnaire (Bauer et al., 12006). Data were analyzed using Bootstrap method. Results: Self-care mediated the relationship between insecure attachment and parenting stress. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between anxiety and avoidance attachment with stress (p<0/0001). In the intermediate model, anxiety attachment had a direct and indirect effect on parental stress (p<0/0001) and avoidant attachment had no direct effect on stress, but indirectly (via mediation) had an effect on stress (p>0/0001). Conclusions: Maternal anesthesia can reduce maternal attachment and parenting stress.

Background: Cognitive impairment is one of the most common and important non-motor aspects of Parkinson's disease and greatly affects the function and quality of life of patients. But the key question is, do the theory of mind and decision-making process differ in Parkinson's patients and normal people? Aims: To compare the theory of mind and decision making process in Parkinson's disease and normal subjects. Method: This was a causalcomparative study. The statistical population included all Parkinson's patients referring to Tabriz health centers. Forty patients with Parkinson's disease and 40 normal individuals were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools include the eye-reading test (Baron-Cohen, 1995) and the Iowa Gambling Test (Bachara, Damasio & Anderson, 1994). Data analysis was performed using two-way variance. Results: There was a significant difference between Parkinson's disease and normal subjects in Iowa gambling and mind reading (p<0/01). Conclusions: Theory of mind and decision making in Parkinson's patients is lower than normal.

Background: Nowadays, nurturing creativity and play is one of the essential axes of educational systems for proper decision making and problem solving. But the key question is, is there a difference between the effectiveness of creativity training and how to play on problem solving skills in preschool children? Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creativity training on problem solving skills and comparison with play style in preschool children in Fars province. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The population of the study was all children of preschool centers in Kamfirouz city in the academic year 96-97. Sixty individuals were randomly selected by multistage cluster sampling and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (each group 15). Tools include: Problem Solving Problem Test, London Shalis Tower Test (1982), Creativity Training Program (Ganji, Nyusha & Hedayati, 2012). Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis test. Results: Creativity training and play had an effect on problem solving skills (P<0/001). There was no difference between the effect of two training methods on problem solving skills (P<0/001). Conclusions: Creativity and play education can be used to improve problem solving skills in preschool children.

Background: Depression is a common behavioral disorder that presents many emotional problems for people with depression. The main question is: Does the poetry play affect the depression and psychological capital of the dysthymic depressed people? Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of composing poetry on self-esteem and investing a psychological support for a systemic. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study included all depressed patients referred to Arman Shayan Specialized Rehabilitation Center in 1398. Twenty-four sample groups, including 24 individuals, were selected from the community and were randomly assigned into two groups (12 individuals 10 women and two men) of experimental and control groups. The instruments are the Lovebound and Lovebound Depression Questionnaire (1995); the Lutz Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007). Questionnaires were administered to the two pre-test groups, and then to the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. Results: The results showed that poetry play had a significant effect on depression and psychological capital (p<0/05). The effect of treatment in the follow-up ward was also lasting. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be used to play a poem in order to reduce depression and increase psychological capital.

Background: Marital intimacy, as a dynamic process based on mutual trust and respect and an intrinsic need for attachment, is one of the important factors in improving couples' relationships. Therefore, the question of the present study was whether attachment styles mediated by love commitment play a role in predicting marital intimacy? Aims: To present a structural model for predicting marital intimacy based on attachment styles mediated by the love commitment component of married students. Method: This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all students studying at Gachsaran Islamic Azad University. A sample of 400 people was selected by stratified random sampling. The instruments include the Walker and Thompson Marital Intimacy Scale (1983), the Sternberg Triangular Love Scale (1986), and the Hazen and Shaver Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1987). Results were analyzed by correlation matrix, regression analysis and path analysis. Results: Safe attachment style had a significant positive effect on marital intimacy and love commitment (P<0/01). Avoidant attachment style had no significant effect on marital intimacy (P<0/05), but it had a significant negative effect on love commitment (P<0/05). Also, ambivalent attachment style had no significant effect on marital intimacy (P<0/05), but it had a significant negative effect on love commitment (P<0/05). Conclusions: Commitment as one of the components of love cannot play a mediating role between attachment styles and marital intimacy in the target community.

Background: frigidity is one of the major problems in sexual women's disorders. Clinical experiences suggest that psychological therapies rather than medical treatments can be helpful in treating this disorder. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness on familial and sexual functions of women with frigidity in Isfahan. Method: The present study was a field experiment with pre-test-post-test plan. Forty women suffered from frigidity were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned in two groups of experimental and control. The two groups responded to the questioners of McMaster family assessment device and Rosen et al female sexual function index at the beginning and end of the study. The experimental group received 8 sessions of Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness intervention. Results: The results showed that the therapist based on family functions, functions and components of their components were effective at a significant level. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that: by using Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness and generalizing it into the groups with other sexual disorders, people with a frigidity disorder in can be improved which acts as a preventative therapy to prevent the symptoms of this disorder in the rest of the community.

Background: Marital quality can be considered the most important indicator of marital success that is influenced by various factors such as marital satisfaction, but the key question is which educational package has the most impact on the marital quality of couples? Aims: To compare the effectiveness of Iranian marital satisfaction training package and Masters & Johnson's approach on marital quality of couples. Method: The research design was quasi-experimental and the research design was three groups in three stages of pre-test, post-test and two months follow up. The statistical population consisted of 60 married individuals referring to two psychology and counseling centers in Tehran in the field of sexual relations in the winter of 1977. Were. The tools are: Demographic Fact Sheet and Marriage Quality Questionnaire of Busby, Crane, Larsen, & Christensen (1995), the Masters & Johnson Training Program (Masters & Johnson, 1976; quoted by Masters & Johnson & Claudia, 2006) and the Marital Satisfaction Training Package. Native Iranian (Rasouli, 1977). Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc test. Results: Native Iranian marital satisfaction training package and Masters & Johnson approach had significant effect on marital quality of couples (P<0/01). There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of marital quality (p<0/05). Conclusions: In order to increase the marital quality of couples, the Iranian marital satisfaction training package can be used.

Background: Internet addiction is a phenomenon which damages the students’ social, communicative, cognitive, psychological and emotional processes of the students. This study seeks to investigate whether cognitive-behavioral group therapy will improve emotional self-awareness and problem solving ability of students with internet addiction in secondary school. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotional self-awareness and problem-solving skill of secondary high school students with internet addiction. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and 45-day follow-up. The statistical population included all secondary high school students with internet addiction who were 40 students owning the criteria of entering the study and were purposefully selected and randomly replaced into experimental and control groups. The applied instruments in the study included internet addiction questionnaire (Yang, 1996), emotional self-awareness questionnaire (Grant, et. al, 2002) and problem-solving questionnaire (Hepner, 1988). The experimental group received group cognitive-behavioral therapeutic intervention in nine ninety-minute sessions during two-and-a-half months once a week while the control group didn’ t receive them. Then the students in both groups took the posttest. The follow-up stage was administered after 45 days. The data analysis of the study was done mixed ANOVA method. Results: The results showed that group cognitive-behavioral therapy has significant effect on emotional self-awareness and problem-solving skill of the students with internet addiction at the posttest and follow-up stages (p<0/001). Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study it seems that through cognitivebehavioral therapy, emotional self-awareness and problem-solving skill of the students with internet addiction can be increased.

Background: Research has shown there is a relationship between the Theory of mind and cognitive processes, which can affect character and personality traits. But could the theory of mind explain social judgement and personality traits? Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of personality traits in the relationship between theory of mind and social judgment. Method: The research method was correlated with the structural model approach. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Shiraz Postgraduate Students, from which 400 students were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and were asked to complete the Theory of Mind (Baron-Cohen, 2001), Five Big Factors of Personality (Goldberg, 1999), The Social Judgment Questionnaire (Shang Peir, 2007) was answered. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that the effect of theory of mind on the characteristics of agreeableness, empiricism, extraversion and responsibility was positive and significant (p=0/001) and on neuroticism was negative and significant p=0/002. In addition, the theory of the mind predicted social judgment directly and indirectly through the mediation of responsibility (P≤ 0/005). Conclusions: Increasing the theory of mind in students through accountability enhances their social judgment.