DEGREES OF MONOTHEISM (TAWHID) FROM JUNAYD’S VIEW

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MIRBAGHERIFARD S.A.A.; AGHA HOSSEINI HOSSEIN; REZAEI MAHDI

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Journal: Year:2007 | Volume:26 | Issue:2 (51) Page(s): 209-225

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Title

DEGREES OF MONOTHEISM (TAWHID) FROM JUNAYD’S VIEW

Author(s)

MIRBAGHERIFARD S.A.A. | AGHA HOSSEINI HOSSEIN | REZAEI MAHDI | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

MONOTHEISMQ2

ANNIHILATIONQ3

ONENESS OF BEINGQ1

ONENESS OF WITNESSQ2

JUNAYD BAGHDADIQ2

IBN ARABIQ2

Abstract

Introduction: MONOTHEISM (Tawhid) as a major principle of Islam has been studied since the Prophet (PBUH) put forth his invitation. MONOTHEISM was first considered as a rejection of gods and idols. The basis of the Prophet's call was rejection of any partner for God. With the passage of time and especially with the formation of mysticism and Sufism, MONOTHEISM gained new meanings. As a result, degrees and classifications were assumed for MONOTHEISM. In later years some Muslims believed in MONOTHEISM intermingled with theological thoughts of predestination and free will. Some thinkers reached the conclusion that God is the prime agent of man's actions which led to the idea of Unity of Divine Acts. In Islamic mysticism this idea developed into the concept of ANNIHILATION in God which later was called ONENESS OF WITNESS best seen in the views of Junayd of Baghdad. Junayd ibn Muhammad Abu al-Qasim al-Khazzaz al-Baghdadi (220-297 A.H.) was born in Nahavand and was buried in Baghdad. He is one of the early mystics. Some of his works are Shatthiyat and Rasa'el.Junayd's views are closely analyzed in order to find how he regards the degrees of MONOTHEISM. Many of his quotations by other thinkers have been used to comment upon. Thus it is a historical-philosophical approach to an early Sufi.Discussion: Junayd never describes MONOTHEISM in one specific form; that is why we see different views mentioned by different people. Junayd answers to questions from the laymen depended on their knowledge. Suhravardi reports that in reply to complaints regarding different answers Janayd had said that the answer deserves the questioner. Junayd believes that in order to evaluate the degrees of MONOTHEISM, one must study them in two stages: knowledge and union. The first stage is based on cognition and recognition. The first stage is the same as the religious point of view. The second stage is union and gain. This stage is also divided into ANNIHILATION and ONENESS OF WITNESS.Conclusion: Junayd favored the subject of MONOTHEISM. Four degrees of MONOTHEISM can be seen in his sayings. Three degrees existed at the time of Junayd and he added the last one which is called ONENESS OF WITNESS. The difference in mystics' view points has led to two schools of sokr (intoxication) and Sahv (Sobriety). Sokr shows ANNIHILATION while sahv is not returning from intoxication but a degree above it.

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THE PLACE OF MYSTICAL AWARENESS AND MYSTICAL INTOXICATION IN BAGHDAD AND KHORASAN MYSTICAL SCHOOL

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APA: Copy

MIRBAGHERIFARD, S.A.A., AGHA HOSSEINI, HOSSEIN, & REZAEI, MAHDI. (2007). DEGREES OF MONOTHEISM (TAWHID) FROM JUNAYD’S VIEW. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY, 26(2 (51)), 209-225. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/13433/en

Vancouver: Copy

MIRBAGHERIFARD S.A.A., AGHA HOSSEINI HOSSEIN, REZAEI MAHDI. DEGREES OF MONOTHEISM (TAWHID) FROM JUNAYD’S VIEW. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY[Internet]. 2007;26(2 (51)):209-225. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/13433/en

IEEE: Copy

S.A.A. MIRBAGHERIFARD, HOSSEIN AGHA HOSSEINI, and MAHDI REZAEI, “DEGREES OF MONOTHEISM (TAWHID) FROM JUNAYD’S VIEW,” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY, vol. 26, no. 2 (51), pp. 209–225, 2007, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/13433/en

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