VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) DISEASE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

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ZORRIEHZAHRA M.J.; GHASEMI M.; KOOHKAN O.

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Journal: Journal of Aquaculture Development Year:2012 | Volume:6 | Issue:1 Page(s): 19-55

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Title

VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) DISEASE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Author(s)

ZORRIEHZAHRA M.J. | GHASEMI M. | KOOHKAN O. | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSISQ2

BETANODAVIRUSQ2

FISHQ2

Abstract

VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) is a serious disease causing significant economic damages to marine aquaculture industry. The disease has a wide geographical distribution having been observed in tropical and temperate climates. Up to now, more than forty species mainly of marine origin have been so far affected and this number is likely to rise in future following the introduction of new species and the increase of aquaculture trade. According to OIE all FISH mortalities characterized by abnormal swimming behaviours associated with vacuolar lesions in the nervous tissues containing viral particles of the Nodaviridae family should be ascribed to one single disease, officially identified as VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) also known as viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). Affected FISH may show different clinical symptoms depending on species, age and temperature, furthermore acute and sub-acute forms characterized by slightly different symptoms and mortality rates are also known. The most characteristic and common clinical sign observed among the different species is an abnormal swimming behaviour characterized by FISH showing difficulties to maintain the normal static and dynamic equilibrium, speed and swimming direction and to control the swim bladder inflation. The viral aetiology has been confirmed following the identification of small, non-enveloped, RNA agents definitively assigned to the Nodaviridae family, genus BETANODAVIRUS. The existence of four genotypes characterized by high homology has been proposed on the basis of the viral genome analysis. Although horizontal transmission undoubtedly represents the most common transmission route, vertical transmission has also been highly suspected, at least for some species. VER/VNN is commonly diagnosed after isolation of the causative agent in cell cultures followed by identification with immunological or molecular methods.The control of the disease is complicated by difficulties in both applying strict hygiene and preventive measures in open environments like the sea and in selecting broodfish free from infection. Although currently under study, commercial vaccines are unfortunately not yet available. VNN was identified in Golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) in the Caspian Sea as first time in 2005. A comprehensive research project was designed and carried out in IFRO from 2006 till 2010.Viral causative agent was isolated and identified by Cell culture, IHC, IFAT and RT-PCR and confirmed in Guppy FISH as pathogenicity test.

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APA: Copy

ZORRIEHZAHRA, M.J., GHASEMI, M., & KOOHKAN, O.. (2012). VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) DISEASE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT, 6(1), 19-55. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/242029/en

Vancouver: Copy

ZORRIEHZAHRA M.J., GHASEMI M., KOOHKAN O.. VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) DISEASE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT[Internet]. 2012;6(1):19-55. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/242029/en

IEEE: Copy

M.J. ZORRIEHZAHRA, M. GHASEMI, and O. KOOHKAN, “VIRAL NERVOUS NECROSIS (VNN) DISEASE IN AQUATIC ANIMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE,” JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 19–55, 2012, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/242029/en

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