Qaleh-Zari mine is the largest Cu-Au vein type deposit in Iran and is located about 182 km south of Birjand (Khorasan province). The ore grade ranges from Cu= 0.5-8%, Au= 0.5-15 ppm, and Ag= 20-150 ppm. Mineralization concentrated in three major veins. Host rocks are mainly andesite to basaltic andesite (Paleocene-Eocene). The main paragenesis is: quartz, hematite (specularite), chlorite, chalcopyrite, ±pyrite, ±Ag-sulfosalts, and ± gold. Samples were collected from three veins at depth of -70, -100, -135, and -170 meters. At each level, samples are taken every 10m. Chlorites are mainly Fe-rich ripidolite, however a few sampels are brunsvigite and pycnochlorite. Temperature of chlorites formation were calculated based on the Cathelineau and Nieva (1985) equation. The chlorites were formed between 260-300°C. The temperature of chlorite formation is 10-30°C less than temperature measured from fluid inclusion. Using chlorite composition and t1uid inclusion data from Qaleh- Zari, new equation is presented for calculation of temperature for chlorite formation. The ore fluid contained. log mH2S= -3 to -3.5, log mH2< -5.5 , log fO2= -30 to -29.

Based on this study, the average gold and silver grades in the Sar Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit are 0.06 and 1.22 g/t respectively which are very different from the ones reported previously. In the biotitic andesite and altered phyllic/potassic samples from the stock, the high positive correlation between the hypogene copper and gold grades (r=0.81), and gold and silver grades (r=0.61), and gold and silver with the hypogene copper grade (r≥0.72), indicate: (1) the contemporaneous deposition of copper, gold and silver, and (2) gold is probably present in the form of exsolution, invisible solid solution and native or electrum within the chalcopyrite grains. Within the secondary sulfide enrichment zone, the gold grade is two times more than the hypogene grade. Silver also indicates the highest concentration within the leached/oxide and secondary sulfide enrichment zones.This study indicates that the Sar Cheshmeh deposit is a gold and silver poor porphyry copper - molybdenum deposit.

Sahand volcanic massif settled to the northwest of Iran between Tabriz in north and Maragheh in south. This area has the most greater thickness of crust (46-48km) and isostatic equivalence. Gravity measurement shows a positive gravity anomaly to the south of this area which is connected to deep igneous massif or metamorphic basement. Sahand sedimentary basement formed from the sediments of different period which its parts appear in 3100 high in the end of Chiniblagchary valley. The study of Sahand volcanic rocks showes that there are three kind of magma in Sahand volcanism: and esite and basaltic land site of upper Miocene, dacitic magmas and magmas rich of K. B. a,Sr with composition of latite or banakite in the end of sahand activity. Tectonic structures are exteud N-W- SE trend that created by compressional and extentional forces with trend of NE-SE. By attention to sheare perspiration of northwest of Iran the exicrence of strick-slip faults specialy Tabriz fault in this area plio-quaternary volcanism of Sahand volcanic massif to pull-apart basins which are formed in trend of ancillary faults of Tabriz fault by collisional tectonic regim in different trends.

Darestan- Baghu gold mining area is exposed at about 100 km south of Damghan. The area is a part of Torud- Chahshirin volcano-plutonic belt that crops out as a horst with a NE-SW trend in the northern limit Dasht-e-Kavir. The outcrops in the area are Middle- Eocene volcano- pyroclastics with andesite to dacite in composition, which are intruded by a number of intrusives including granite to granodiorite bodies. Mineralization in Darestan gold occurrence consists of a copper (gold)- bearing silicic vein with 400 meter length occurring within a N-S trending normal fault in andesitic to dacitic- andesitic massive breccia tuft associated with silicic, argillic and propylitic alterations. Mineralization in the vein includes quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, gold, specularite, malachite, and iron- hydroxides. Gold minerlization in Baghu vein (at about 3 km NE of Darestan gold occurrence) is as a silicic vein with 700 meter length occurring within a granodiorite- granite subvolcanic with argillic alteration. Mineralization in Baghu vein consists of quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, gold, iron oxides and iron- hydroxides, malachite, chalcocite, covellite and tourmaline. Field observations indicate that considerable contents of gold in Darestan area mainly related to sulfide- bearing silicic veins are intruded within N-S normal faults that are generally associated with hydrothemal alteration of argillic, silicic and chloritic ( ± epidote) zones. Investigation on other mineralized zones of Darestan and Baghu areas suggests a clear genetic relationship between Darestan copper (gold) occurrence and gold-bearing silicicvein of Baghu. Field observations and laboratory studies show a close relationship between the copper (gold) mineralization and late- stage silicic solutions induced from subvolcanic intrusives with acidic to intermediate composition in Darestan and Baghu districts. Some of the most important lines of evidence are spatial relationship between ore-bearing silicic veins and the position of subvolcanic intrusives, In addition high correlation between Au and Cu and homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions  improve genetic relationship.      

In southern margin of Central Alborz near Garmsar City many of Tertiary salt diapirs are outcropped. Only in the western part of this city many of igneous rocks with calcareous caprocks can be seen. Some evidence has indicated that, these rocks in late Eocene-early Oligocene during the deposition of evaporate sediment were erupted. Petrography studies of these rocks indicate that, they are tholeiitic basalt, olivine basalt, andesit basalt, diabas and alkali basalt. Based on geochemical analysis, magmatic source of these rocks were alkali-potassic to sub-alkali, These rocks in some diagrams mainly located in basalt, basaltic andesit, trachy andesit basalt, trachy basaltic and basanit regions. The concentration variations of main elements in igneous rocks versus show that during mamatic differentiation a new magma with moremafic composition was mixed with this magma. The abundant concentration of rare and trace elements in these basalts and interplates alkali basalt (continental basalt and oceanic island basalt) have the best correlation. Based on triangulate diagrams for different tectonic environment, these basalts were also well correlated worth within plate basalts.Comparison of spider diagrams of within plate basalts and oceanic basalt and these basalts indicated that, these basalts like within plate basalts we enriched geochemistry of rocks and composition situation of these rocks show the presence of crustal contamination and indicates that, the within plate basalts, in this area were intercontinental basalt which were produced by refitting.

The Deh-Sard area is located about 90 km south of Baft in the Kerman province, situated in southern part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. It consists of intermittent lava flows (basalt, basaltic andesite and trachyandesite), pyroclastic rocks (various types of tuffs and paloebereccias) and sedimentary rocks (lime stones and shales) of Jurassic age. The Deh-Sard lava flows are essentially composed of plagioclase (both as phenocryst and microlite), clinopyroxene (diopside-augite) and accessory minerals (opaque and apatite). Secondary minerals such as quartz, chlorite and calcite occur both as a materix and as a pore filling minerals. The main textures of the lava flows are microlitic porphyritic, intergranular and intersertal. The plagioclase crystals have disequilibrium characteristics such as sieve texture, resorption phenomena, reaction with magma, corrosion and oscillatory zoning. These are associated with, mineral grindings and formation of Fe-Ti oxides in the cleavage planes of the clinopyroxenes. All of these evidences confim the formation of disequilibrium conditions as a result of decompression, caused by fast magma uprising toward the earth surface. In the evolution of these crystals, minor processes such as rapid skeletal growth as a result of quench crystallization, effects of PH20 and magma mixing are also played an important rule.