For long there has been a history of debates on relieving the senile and terminally ill patients of the pain of living. The humanists believe that a physicians duty is to cure the patients ailment, but others see no point in keeping the terminally ill alive. They deem euthanasia the physicians ultimate responsibility. These were mostly the racists who pursued the ideal of the superior race and the perfect man. Following the theories of the racists and Darwins theory, they conducted plenty of research on improving race and reproduction and came across certain conclusions. They suggested the forced sterilization of the disabled and also barring their marriage. Furthermore, they exterminated the terminally ill because they were thought to incur innumerable losses on the society and the state at large. They were the unproductive human beings. In Germany, the idea of euthanasia provided the best conditions for national socialists which led to the mass murder with the intention of racial improvement. The patients sterilization and extinction happened in Germany along the line of ethnic cleansing. The roots of the execution of euthanasia in the Nazi Germany can be found in the intellectual, ideological, and political foundations of the party.

Kierkegaard distinguishes between two types of philosophers: One is the philosopher who thinks apart from his (her) existence; that is, his (her) thought and life style is not too related to each other, so that even if his (her) philosophical structure is hurt, there will be no hurt to his (her) existence; and the other is the philosopher who thinks existentially; that is, his ( her) philosophy answers the questions of his (her) life. (Stegmuller, S.149).in this categorization, Heidegger stands in the latter group; in other words, his philosophy of existence is not separate from his life. Heidegger philosophized the same way he lived, and lived the same way he philosophized, and endeavored during his life to find out and show what was the real or genuine life style. This is an opportunity for us to critically study the findings and life.

This article deals with the roots of the events before and after the second world war in Europe, specially in Italy and Germany which resulted in the political systems of Fascism and National Socialism.The writer then describes the characteristics of the two political systems

Totalitarian political systems in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe destroyed and repressed the civil society that used to exist in them. The auhoriatarian and totalitarian ethos was formed under a powerful influence of ideologies of the communist parties and politocarcy in these countries so that the political ethos of politicians dominated the political ethos of the citizen. The breakdown of the real socialism and its unsuccessful attempts to complete accelerated liberal modernization of these societies caused turbulence of social values in addition to the general moral chaos. The moral crisis has deepened; anomie increased as well as the society"s inclination to commit crime. This makes difficult the creation of the cultural matrix of the civil society and its moral value. The liberation and development of the political ethos of the civil society as an element of the democratic political culture require structural and mental changes in these societies. They imply abandoning the value matrices of the traditional and political societies based upon collectivism, trbalism, authoritarianism, egalitarianism, ethnocentrism, etatisme and mythologization ofthe past. They require the use of the citizen"s active potential as well as that of their associations, their readiness for political commitment, self-initiative, respect of the general interest and a courageous defense of freedom and social justice.

This article investigates the governing ideologies of the third and second plan of Development, by using Barrington Moore Jr. "Development program" Theory and also Robert Merton "Means and goals" theory, in order to show the rate of inconsistency between goals and means and also ideological conflict in these two plans. To gain this objectives, first, we explained social, cultural, economic and political principles of socialism and liberalism and then, used the method of content analysis for final goals, policies (middle goals), and provision (means) in these two plans. The results show that in both two plan. mostly the goals were socialistic and the means were often liberelistic.Also the rate of inconsistency between goals and means in the second plan was less than the first plan.

This is an essay to review and rethink of anarchism and to explain the transfer of anarchism from left to the right thoughts and raising the new capitalistic anarchism.The essay first by explaining the ideas of anarchism, examine in details the theory of anarchism and its objects, and then it notes to political thought of neo-liberalism and categorizes the main anarchists.

During the Industrial Revolution in England, the capitalist system was faced with a great deal of economic problems and social unrest. Unequal distribution of income and wealth, poverty and hunger, long hours of work and very low wage for the workers, child labor and hard working conditions, unemployment and split-up families, malnutrition and disease - were a few of several problems that the capitalist system was struggling with in that period. Undoubtedly the capitalist system was passing a critical time during the Industrial Revolution and from the aftermath of 1700s was suffering from a chronic economic crisis. However, in this period new economic ideas, schools of thought and theories came forth in parallel with the fundamental changes which occurred in human life. Although each of these changes,in turn, contributed in solving the community problems, but very shortly lost its credibility along with the changes which took place in the economic and social sphere of the community. However, it should be noted that in this period, like every other period in history of economic thought, the economists" ideas and thoug, hts, whether correct or incorrect, have had a great impact on shaping the world economic and social affairs. the main objective of this article is to analytically and criticallly survey the new economic ideas, schools of thought and theories which emerged during the Industial Revolution and tried to solve the prevailing economic and social problems.

Hobbs and Locke are two of the founders of modem philosophy. Though both are widely known as political philosophers, Hobbs' "Leviathan" and Locke's "An essay concerning human understanding" are among the most important epistemological works in the 17th century and the beginning of the modem era. Rousseau was not an epistemologist, but, under the influence of Locke's epistemological philosophy, founded a specific type of anthropology that dominated the social contract political philosophy. What kind of relationship can be established among epistemology, anthropology, and political philosophy in these scholars? The present paper is to answer the question based on the hypothesis that Locke's epistemology prepared the grounds for Rousseau's anthropology and that both of them, though with deferent degrees of clarity, strengthened a thesis that may be called concealed anarchism. Later, Marx reinforced the idea and, thus, it turned into an integrated part of competing philosophies such liberalism and socialism.

Theoretical approach on development of Zionist government history could cause many questions in this realm. Expanded propaganda in domain of important issues Such as Holocaust, banishment and displacement, dispersion and etc… made the scientists to dehoerate on Zionism more duply. Hence, the two governmentalist and territories approaches have got prominent attention among Jewish theorists.Based on the First approach, if a concentrated government could be formed in an independent territory, it would be surrounded by Discontent population of Palestinians and it can not be calmed and developed. The second approach belongs to the people who believe in natural and historical rights for themselves and claim on Palestine territory exclusively, and hold that the protection of territory, necessitates force and authority inside the concentrated government approach, four schools of thought, spiritual Zionism, Social democrat; labor and revisionist Zionism have emerged. After formation of the government, these schools confronted with each other through two ideological camps. The predestines and spiritual schools Coalesced with the current school, labor socialism, but, secular. School remained out of power solely. The writer intends to consider the confrontation of these approaches in Zionist government in context of mentioned points.

In the past two centuries that the modern world has witnessed the rise of Nation-states, through which policies and strategies did the Russians manage to restrain and control the forces of ethnic nationality of more than hundred ethnic groups? What makes the response to this question important for and relative to Iranian scholars is the fact that Russia has been one of the real laboratories for studying the challenges of ethnic nationalism to nationwide nationalism (an experience that Iranian Marxists refer to as "People's Republic"). Through a historic-structural approach (and by benefiting from concepts of political anthropology) this paper attempts to address this and other related questions. It will be illustrated how Russians implemented the following three policies: 1. the "nationalism in form and socialism in practice" strategy which in Lenin's term substituted the Russian religious nationalism of Cesarean era; 2. the "socialism in form and Russian zing in practice" policy of Stalin that was put into practice instead of Lenin's strategy; and 3. "socialism in form and pluralism in practice" policy of Gorbachev that replaced Stalin's strategy. This paper will justify why "People's Republic" which is advocated by Iranian Marxists was in practice, just a myth.