در سال های اخیر، علم سنجی نقش مهمی در سنجش و ارزیابی عملکرد پژوهشی داشته است. این علم، رشد و تکامل پژوهش را در طول زمان با مراجعه به داده های استانداردشده پژوهش های دانشگاهی به ویژه اطلاعات کتاب شناختی، تجزیه وتحلیل می کند. در واقع، علم سنجی یا همان دانش سنجش علم با ارزیابی و رتبه بندی اصولی پژوهشگران، دانشگاه ها و مراکز پژوهشی به ارتقای آنها کمک کرده و منجر به شناخت بهتر نقاط قوت و ضعف آنها می شود و نقش مهمی در سیاستگذاری عمومی و حکمرانی علمی بر عهده دارد. در این میان، جدای از مبنامندی علم سنجی و به تبع آن، امکان بومی سازی علم سنجی که در جای خود جزو مباحث مناقشه برانگیز جامعه علمی به شمار می رود، اینکه آیا علم سنجی در همه علوم از مبانی و منطق واحدی تبعیت می کند و یا باید برای علم سنجی علوم انسانی به دنبال منطق متفاوتی بود، یکی از دغدغه مندی های اصحاب علوم انسانی محسوب می شود. این مقاله، با در نظر گرفتن مفهومی عام از فلسفه و مبانی علوم و با الهام از نظریه لاکلا و موفه، از روش توصیفی و تحلیلی استفاده نموده تا از این طریق ضمن توجیه علمی لزوم استقلال نسبی علم سنجی علوم انسانی از مطلق علم سنجی، امکان شکل گیری مکتب علم سنجی علوم انسانی را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. از آنجا که شکل گیری مکتب علم سنجی علوم انسانی نیازمند ارائه تصویری عملی از آن نیز می باشد، شش سئوال کاربردی نیز در این مقاله بر اساس روش تحقیق کیفی مطرح و پاسخ های اولیه ای به این پرسش ها ارائه شده است.

Background and Objectives: Attention to the users and their attitudes is one of the important concerns of designers of information systems which has led to the design of several models for acceptance and use of technology. One of these models is the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model, which consists of four main dependent variables of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions and two main independent variables of intention and behavior, and use (user). On the other hand, despite the efforts and costs involved in designing scientific databases in Persian language, these databases have so far failed to find their proper place among scholars and the scientific community of Iran. The set of IRANDOC databases is among these databases. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to determine the position of the main variables (dependent and independent) of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model among users of the IRANDOC databases. Methodology: The approach adopted in the present research is quantitative and in terms of purpose it is an applied research. Also, it is a survey. The statistical population of this study included all potential users of the set of the IRANDOC databases (known as Ganjineh). The size of the research population was infinite. For this reason, the Morgan formula was used to determine the sample size for indeterminate statistical population. The number of sample members of this study was 325. Simple random sampling method was used. Finally, 250 questionnaires (77% of the total distributed questionnaires) were received and considered as the final sample. In this study, a questionnaire was used as a tool for surveying the variables of research and data collection. In order to measure the research variables, a pre-prepared standard questionnaire based on UTAUT model, including six sub-variables and twenty one items was used. Since the tool was designed by the developer of the model, for the instrument's validity only experts were used to adapt the English to Persian translation. Cronbach's alpha was calculated as 0. 94. To determine the rating of each item in the tool, the 5 value Likert scale was used. In order to analyze data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (factor analysis and one sample T-test) were used. Findings: The findings of this study are presented in three sections: 1. Study of the status of variables based on the average of the participants’ opinion: In this section, it was found that the "performance expectancy" variable had a higher score. 2. Comparison of the mean of UTAUT model: In order to determine the effect of each of the sub-variables of acceptance and use from the IRANDOC databases users’ views and also to calculate the position of these components factor analysis was carried out. It was found that among the independent variables, the "effort expectancy" variable was more influential concerning the acceptance and use of the IRANDOC database than other related variables. Meanwhile, there was no difference between the two dependent variables (behavior intention and use) in influencing the acceptance and use of the users of these databases. 3. Comparison of acceptance status and use of the IRANDOC database with the average status: The results of one-sample T-test and comparison with the average condition (3) showed that with the exception of the "use" variable, the remaining variables were higher than the average. Also, the comparison of the overall UTAUT model (the acceptance index and the technology utilization) with the average showed that the index was also above the average. Discussion: Based on the effect of influential variables, the “ effort expectancy" variable had a higher score than other variables. Accordingly, it seems that from the viewpoint of users of the set of the above mentioned databases, the ease of use (user-friendliness) of these databases has had the greatest impact on the acceptance and use of them. Moreover, the results of the research showed that the level of all the main variables of the UTAUT, with the exception of the use (user), was higher than the average (3). This finding is debatable from two perspectives: firstly, the users of IRANDOCT databases have largely accepted and used these databases due to their specific characteristics (such as the diversity of information resources, the age, availability, speed of access Resources, and updates). On the other hand, the results of the present study showed that the use variable (user) was in the middle position, unlike other variables of the model. Also, the comparison of the mean user opinion confirmed this finding as the mean of this variable was lower than other variables. This result can be explained by the fact that other variables, appear to affect the user's use of the databases. In summary, the results of this study show that the design of scientific databases should be carried out with a futuristic and accurate attention to the factors affecting the acceptance and utilization of these technological tools, so that the cost, the usefulness of the databases and information resources are guaranteed.

Background and ObjectiveS: The field of training and learning of work and technology is one of the eleven areas included in the national curriculum and includes the acquisition of practical skills for a productive life and the acquisition of competencies related to technology related sciences. One of the main foundations of curriculum reform in the 20th century is the trend of increasing technology education. These competencies are essential for technological education and healthy life in the cyberspace, as well as readiness to enter professions and jobs in various economic and social sectors. According to Islamic teachings, work and employment have educational values and through work, human polishes their existential personality, establishes their identity and prepares the ground for their existential development and the possibility of earning a lawful livelihood and provides to meet the needs of the community. Another step in developing minimum skills is teaching design and technology in schools. Technology education, work and skills training will lead to personal development, increase productivity, participation in social and economic life, reduce poverty, and increase income and development. It should be noted that pathology is a systematic process of data collection in order to interact effectively and usefully in order to solve problems, challenges, pressures and environmental constraints in society. In fact, the pathology of the work and technology curriculum can help in determining hindrances, weaknesses and strengths, and challenges and opportunities and proposing suitable strategies. Also, warranting the quality in work and technology education is amongst the top priorities to develop the related curriculum, job selection and applied disciplines. If the quality of the curriculum of work and technology is not examined systematically, the entrepreneurship that is the top need of the country is not developed. The purpose of this study is to identify the damages in the implementation of the technology curriculum. Methods: This research is qualitative and phenomenological. This research was performed using a participatory observation tool and a semi-structured interview. The statistical society of this study was all Technology teachers and all students in secondary school in Baharestan city. Twenty of teachers were selected through available sampling, 80 of students were selected through accessible sampling and group interviews were conducted in groups of 6 to 8 people. Then the text of the interviews was analyzed in a 7-step manner. Findings: The findings of the research showed that from the perspective of teachers of technology education, five categories of "constraints, social factors, structural inadequacy, motivating strategies and curriculum planning" and ten sub-themes and from the perspective of students’ three categories of "social factors, motivational strategies and curriculum planning" and eleven sub-themes are vulnerable. Conclusion: There are many problems and damages from the point of view of teachers and students, for implementation of Technology Curriculum; Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the conditions for the implementation of efficient methods of Technology curriculum, as it plays an essential role in generating entrepreneurial generation. Therefore, policy makers and educators need to pay more attention to the proper implementation of this curriculum. Policymakers and educators should pay more attention to the proper implementation of this curriculum. In line with this research, the following practical suggestions are presented: in-service courses should be held for teachers regarding the complete training of skills and modules; necessary funds should be awarded to fully equip the schools with the necessary facilities to carry out activities; the content of the curriculum should be revised according to the needs of the students and the facilities of the school in order to provide the necessary context for communication with the real life of the students; a clear framework and criteria for student evaluation should be established.

نگرش نیچه به مسئله انسان و حقیقت او، بر اساس اندیشه ها ی مادی گرایانه و تمایل به اصالت تجربه است که پیامدهای ویژه ای به همراه دارد. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی به منظور بررسی مختصات انسان شناختی از دیدگاه نیچه و ارزیابی پیامدهای آن در پرتو آرای علامه طباطبایی شکل گرفته است. بر اساس یافته‎های پژوهش، نیچه با نفی عقل گرایی و بی اعتبار نمودن ارزش ها ی اخلاقی و دینی مورد پذیرش زمان خویش، انسان را تا پرتگاه نیست گرایی می کشاند. لکن برای نجات وی از این وهله بحرانی، انسان را به باور توانمندی و اصالت قدرت خویش دعوت می نماید که ظهور تمام عیار آن در ابر انسان نمود یافته است. این در حالی است که علامه طباطبایی چنین تقلیل گرایی از شخصیت انسان و ترجیح  تن بر روان را برنمی تابد. زیرا نفی عقل گرایی و ستیز با ابعاد الهی متافیزیک نتیجه ای جز بی اعتبارشدن اوزان اندیشه ورزی و خردگرایی ندارد. وی همچنین منشأ اصلی پوچ انگاری در زندگی انسان را، حذف خدا و انگاره ها ی معنوی و ارزشی می داند و قرب الهی را به عنوان غایت اصلی زندگی مطرح می کند. غایتی که در سایه آن زندگی فردی و جمعی انسان بر اساس هدفمندی، معناداری و عدالت شکل می گیرد.

نزد ابن سینا، نفس انسانی به مثابة آینه، همواره مدرک ادراکاتی است که به نحو عرضی بر آن عارض می شود و به عبارت دیگر ادراکات، کیفیات عارض بر نفس هستند. محور ادراکات «تمثّل» است و نفس نیز دو ساحت ادراکی دارد، ساحت تجردی عقلانی که بازنمایندة کلیات، طبیعت و ذوات اشیا است و ساحت مادیِ حسی و خیالی که بازنمایندة جزئیات و عوارض اشیاء اکنون و گذشته است. ابن سینا، کیفیت هستی مندی ادراکات مختلف حسی، خیالی و عقلی در نفس را با نظریة ارتسام صور و تقشیر تبیین می کند؛ برای تبیین شکل گیری این الگوی معرفتی می توان چنین تصورکرد که فیلسوف حالات پدیداری ادراک را درون نگرانه در خود تصویر، و شاخصه های آن را احصا می کند، سپس با عرضه کردن آن به مبانی هستی شناختی اش نظریۀ معرفت را بیان می کند. ابن سینا مؤلفه هایی همچون ذهنیت دربرابر عینیت در مسئلة وجود ذهنی، عرض بودن علم و تأثیر کلی یا جزئی بودن ادراک را در نگاه پدیداری به ادراک تبیین می کند و به عرضۀ آن بر مبانی وجودشناسانه ای همچون تفکیک هستی به جوهر و عرض می پردازد و تفسیری معرفتی از عالم براساس همین اصل به همراه نگاه سه گانه به علیت ارائه می دهد و به الگوی خود در معرفت شناسی می رسد. نظام معرفتی سینوی مبتنی بر همین شاخصه ها و مبانی، به حصول نوعی ذات گرایی در تمام تبیین های معرفت شناسانه و پذیرش وحدت سنخی میان مدرِک و مدرَک می رسد.

The current review aims to explore the applications of cognitive science in military science to answer the question of what cognitive science is currently used in the military. Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary and scientific study of the mind and its processes that examines the structure, process, and cognitive functioning of the mind. The main subcategories of cognitive science are cognitive modeling, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive linguistics, philosophy of mind and artificial intelligence. The applications of cognitive science in the military field are examined at two levels: first, at the level of human resources, and second, at the level of military equipment. At the level of human resources, increasing the energy efficiency of the soldiers' bodies and increasing the hours of continuous activity, increasing the speed of repairing war injuries, increased wakefulness, reduced fear and pain sensation in the nervous system, control of mind and behavior, night vision technology, the full integration of technology with the nervous system, the bolt project (eliminating the limitations Language differences), developing DNA diagnosis system, humanoid robots, hunter robots, transfer robots, Peteman Human Beatles, Nanobut Robots, Body Refactoring Project and Artificial Eye Project. The use of cognitive sciences in the field of military equipment includes: cognitive weapons, auxiliary skeleton, health trackers, cyber-insects, Exacto project, Heldes project, Earth project, Alpha-Doug project, one-Shot project, Z-Man project, Vulture project Stratospheric airship, UFP project and bird robot in Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa). Cognitive science plays a crucial role in the development of military science and technology, both in the field of manpower and in the field of military equipment. Therefore, more research is needed on how to expand this science. We hope to see more growth and prosperity in the Armed Forces.

In this article, we briefly analyse cognitive science and cognitive economics. Generally, there are two main theories related to cognitive science and brain performance models. First theory which are inspired by computer and Artificial Intelligence and second the connectionist models. The connectionist theory is the most prevalent in cognitive science now. Hayek and North, the two Nobel laureates, by using Conceptions such as culture, Beliefs and Institutions tried to establish connectin between brain, cognition and Economic Performance in line with the connectionist models. Although Hayek and North models developed innovative points but they have some defaults. Perhaps These theories can be improved by synthesizing the Discursive Institutionalism and discourse theory.

نگارش دانشگاهی یکی از ژانرهای مکتوب است که می‎تواند انواع مختلفی داشته‎باشد: کتاب درسی، مقالات پژوهشی، پایان‎نامه‎های دانشگاهی و ... . هدف مقالۀ حاضر مقایسۀ ساختار زبانی در سیاق مقالات علمی‎پژوهشی در رشته‎های علوم انسانی و علوم پایه است. از دیرباز این فرض مطرح بوده که دانشجوها و اساتید رشته‎های فنی و علوم پایه ذهن پیچیده‎تری نسبت به همتایان خود در علوم انسانی دارند. مقالۀ حاضر قصد دارد این فرض سنتی را با بررسی ساختار زبانی این دو گروه در سطح مقالات علمی پژوهشی بسنجد تا روشن شود که آیا این ذهن پیچیده در زبان هم نمود می‎یابد؟ بدین منظور، سی چکیده از مقالۀ علمی‎پژوهشی رشته‎های روان‎شناسی، زبان‎شناسی و جامعه‎شناسی (در مجموع 90 چکیده) مورد بررسی قرار می‎گیرد و ساختار بندهای مرکب آن‎ها با سی چکیده از مقاله‎های پژوهشی رشته‎های فیزیک، شیمی و زیست‎شناسی (در مجموع 90 چکیده) مقایسه شد. رویکرد مورداستفاده در مقالۀ حاضر، دستور نقش‎گرای نظام‎مند هلیدی است و بندهای مرکب از منظر دستور نقش‏گرای هلیدی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. روش پژوهش حاضر، رویکرد کمّی است. یافته‎ها حاکی از آن است که گروه علوم انسانی بیش از گروه علوم پایه از بندهای مرکب استفاده کرده است. در میان گروه علوم انسانی هم، به ترتیب گروه جامعه‏شناسی بیش از زبان‏شناسی و گروه زبان‏شناسی بیش از روان شناسی از بندهای مرکب در نگارش خود بهره برده‏است. در گروه علوم پایه هم گروه زیست‏شناسی بیش از دو گروه دیگر بندهای مرکب را در نگارش خود به کار برده‏است.