Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used for a wide range of medical and biological applications. The health problems that PEG can cause is the conversion of alcohol dehydrogenase by metabolic oxidation into oxalate. Moringa oleifera contains about 46 antioxidant compounds such as β-carotene and various phenolics. Previous studies did not report enough data on the hepatotoxicity of polyethylene glycol and the protective role of Moringa oleifera. Therefore, the current study was conducted to address this affair. Male rats were split for six set (six each group): control group 1, MOLE (200 mg/ kg) group 2, PEG (50 mg/kg) group 3, MOLE plus PEG (50 mg/kg) group 4, PEG (100 mg/kg) group 5, and MOLE plus PEG (100 mg/kg) group 6. Rats administered orally daily for 45 days. The obtained results showed that treatment with both doses of PEG caused significant increase in DNA breakages, TNF-α, IL-6, TBARS, and NOx comparison to group 1. While, both doses of PEG caused significant suppressed expression of PGC-1α and mtTFA, the p53 level, catalase, GR, and GSH were decline, as compared with group 1. It was concluded that the co-supplementation with MOLE caused significant hepatoprotection against PEG- induced liver toxicity at all levels.

Background: A high number of human breast cancers overexpress the murine double minute (MDM2) gene which blocks the p53 protein which plays an important role in arresting the cell growth. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of siRNA specific MDM2 in knocking down MDM2 and its subsequent effects on p53 to exert antiproliferative effects on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells.Method: In this in vitro study, we used the specific siRNA of the MDM2 gene to knock down the expression of the MDM2 protein in the MCF-7 cell line. The expression of MDM2, BCL2-associated X (BAX), BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID), and B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) genes was evaluated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The apoptosis level was also assessed using the flow cytometry technique by the Annexin V test.Results: The results showed that the entry of MDM2 siRNA into MCF-7 cells significantly reduced the mRNA expression of MDM2 gene (P-value < 0.05). Besides, the expression of the antiapoptotic gene of BCL2 significantly decreased (P-value < 0.05) in transfected MCF-7 cells, while that of BAX and BID genes increased (P-value < 0.05).Conclusion: Based on the results, MDM2 inhibition is conducive to prevent cancer metastasis by the induction of cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, it can be considered in cancer therapy along with chemotherapy.

Over the past 50 years, cancer research has significantly improved, starting with identifying the initial oncogene, a gene responsible for promoting cancer development. Cancer frequently involves disrupting molecular signaling pathways that govern cellular growth and differentiation. The p53 signaling pathway performs a fundamental function in the cellular stress response and is responsible for controlling the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The fault of this pathway has been associated with various types of cancer, making it a principal field of research in the study of molecular biology and the medicine of cancer therapy. The goal of this research is to thoroughly and precisely review and study the general p53 signaling pathway and its associated genes, including Tp53, MDM2, MDM4, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and Tp53BP1. Obtaining information concerning the mechanisms and functions of these genes in the general p53 biopathway can provide valuable knowledge of the important progressions of cancer and the advance of new treatment approaches. Herein, we provide an up-to-date review of general p53 signaling pathway-related genes in cancer to better understand the molecular complexity underlying cancer research.