The sea cucumbers of the genus Holothuria are important species in Asia. In present study in the Persian Gulf aimed to identify Holothuria species and investigate their relationships based on morphological and 16S rRNA molecular data. 30 specimens were collected from northern Persian Gulf coasts of Dayer (Bushehr Province) and Lengeh (Hormozgan Province). Based on ossicles morphology, three species were identified. DNA was isolated using CTAB method. Thereafter, 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification was performed using universal primer and consequently PCR product was sequenced. Sequencing result was analyzed and identified in NCBI database using BLAST. 17 sequences of mitochondrial DNA of 16S rRNA gene (393bp length) were obtained after modification and alignment. The phylogenic tree of mentioned species showed a monophyletic group. The three identified species include Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola, Holothuria leucospilota and Holothuria parva. Holothuria arenicola was found in high support in the sister clade of H. arenicola from China. Despite 7% genetic distance, no morphological differences were observed between H. arenicola with similar species.

Herein, a detailed molecular phylogeny analysis was developed to determine the phylogenetic position of a new freshwater histozoic myxosporean cnidarian, Henneguya markiana sp. nov. from the world’s largest tropical wetland area, Pantanal, Brazil. The new species is described using an integrative Taxonomy approach including morphology, biological traits and molecular data. Phylogenetic analysis inferred by Maximum Likehood method showed the new Henneguya species in a well-supported clade of myxosporean gill parasites of South American characids fishes. In this same clade, the new Henneguya described appeared in a sub-clade clustering with H. lacustris and H. chydadea. Nevertheless, the sequences of the new species and H. lacustris and H. chydadea have a large genetic divergence of 10.4% (148 nucleotides-nt) and 10.5% (147 nt) respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a cnidarian myxosporean species parasitizing a fish from Stevardiinae from South America. In the light of the differences observed from the integrative Taxonomy, we are confident that this isolate is a new species of Henneguya, increasing the knowledge of diversity of this enigmatic group of cnidarians.

The textbook analysis is a vigorous research approach for evaluating the conformity between the content and the purpose of education. Accordingly, the relatively newly-published Iranian ELT textbooks for senior high school, known as the “Vision series” were analyzed for their prominent levels of learning objectives according to Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy. Activity sections of textbooks were codified according to the Taxonomy’s coding scheme, and the inter/intra-rater reliability which were measured and approved. Results revealed that the lower-order categories of cognitive domain are more frequently represented in Vision series of 1 and 2, and chi-square statistics indicate that Vision 3 is significantly different from the other two. The inclusion of higher-order categories in Vision 3 creates hope for increasing students’ proficiency and activating students’ need to develop higher-order thinking skills which are prerequisites to critical thinking and autonomous learning. Findings also maintain that the cognitive domain and metacognitive knowledge domain were the least perceived in the three textbooks which call for inclusion of more reflective activities and supplementing higher-order cognitive activities or complementary tasks in Visions 1 and 2.

A new subterranean amphipod (N. hegmatanensis sp. nov. ) belonging to the genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 is described and illustrated. It was collected from Boghati spring in Hamedan Province, Iran. Materials are examined based on the morphological and molecular analyses. Molecular data derived from the nuclear gene 28S rDNA recovered relationships new species. N. hegmatanensis sp. nov. is placed within Iranian clade and phylogenetically has most similarity to N. alisadri. A relatively equal length of distal to proximal article in uropod III, equal size of rami in uropod I, trapezoid shape of propodi in both gnathopods and the short palpus that does not reach the tip of the outer lobe in maxilla I, are the major characteristics which serve to distinguish the new species from its congeners.

Introduction: The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked a desire to analyse its potential applications in medicine. The aim of this article is to present the effectiveness of the ChatGPT advanced language model in the context of the pass rate of the polish National Specialty Examination (PES) in nuclear medicine. It also aims to identify its strengths and limitations through an in-depth analysis of the issues raised in the exam questions.Methods: The PES exam provided by the Centre for Medical Examinations in Łódź, consisting of 120 questions, was used for the study. The questions were asked using the openai.com platform, through which free access to the GPT-3.5 model is available. All questions were classified according to Bloom's Taxonomy to determine their complexity and difficulty, and according to two authors' subcategories. To assess the model's confidence in the validity of the answers, each questions was asked five times in independent sessions.Results: ChatGPT achieved 56%, which means it did not pass the exam. The pass rate is 60%. Of the 117 questions asked, 66 were answered correctly. In the percentage of each type and subtype of questions answered correctly, there were no statistically significant differences.Conclusion: Further testing is needed using the questions provided by Centre for Medical Examinations from the nuclear medicine specialty exam to evaluate the utility of the ChatGPT model. This opens the door for further research on upcoming improved versions of the ChatGPT.

Dear Editor, The new coronavirus‑, 2019 (COVID‑, 19), which was named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses as a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS‑, CoV‑, 2), has spread rapidly around the world, and on October 11, 2021, it caused more than 237, 383, 711 of confirmed cases, over 4, 842, 716 deaths,this is the largest known pandemic that the world has ever experienced. The disease is rampant around the globe, however, the number of cases and deaths in the developed regions, such as Europe and North America, is excessive, and this raises questions. . .