A CONVENTIONAL DIRECT METHANOL Fuel Cell (DMFC) CONSISTS OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE (PEM) PRESSED BETWEEN AN ANODE AND A CATHODE ELECTRODE. THIS ARCHITECTURE IS LIMITED BY PARAMETERS SUCH AS: OVERALL SIZE AND COST, Fuel CROSSOVER, MEMBRANE DEGRADATION AND STRUCTURES COMPLEXITY. HERE, WE REPORT A MEMBRANELESS MIXED REACTANT DMFC IN WHICH, USING A SELECTIVE CATHODE ELECTROCATALYST. THERE IS NO MEMBRANE FOR SEPARATION ANODE AND CATHODE COMPARTMENTS.THE MAXIMUM POWER DENSITIES OBTAINED FROM POLARIZATION CURVES WERE 4 AND 2.8 MW/CM-2 FOR OPERATIONAL TEMPERATURES 35 AND 200C, RESPECTIVELY.

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THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION PROCESSES HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN THE FIELD OF Fuel Cell TECHNOLOGY (FCT) IN IRAN. Fuel Cell TECHNOLOGY IS A GENERIC TECHNOLOGY WITH WIDE VARIETY AREAS OF APPLICATION IN AUTOMOBILE AND ENERGY PRODUCTION BOTH FOR INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL PURPOSES AND ALSO IT IS EXPECTED TO HAVE A LARGE SOCIETAL IMPACT ON THE FUTURE SOCIETY. IN THIS ARTICLE CONCERNING DECISION CRITERIA SUCH AS THE ROLE OF COOPERATING ACTORS AT NATIONAL LEVEL AND THEIR INTERACTIONS, AN INNOVATION SURVEY HAS BEEN DRAWN ON THE BASIS OF NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM (NIS) APPROACH. IN THIS REGARD, IN ADDITION TO MONITORING THE ACTIVITIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF FCT, WE HAVE EXPLORED RELATED TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN THIS FIELD. THESE INNOVATION SURVEYS TRY TO DEAL WITH TWO CHALLENGES. FIRSTLY, WHAT CHARACTERIZED FC TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION IN IRAN? AND SECONDLY, HOW CAN NUMEROUS ACTORS BE MAINTAINED AND DUPLICATION AVOIDED IN AN NIS? FINALLY OUR CONCLUDING REMARKS OF THE INNOVATION SURVEYS ARE ANALYZING AND MAPPING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY, ACADEMIA AND THEIR INTERACTIONS BESIDE SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR MODIFYING IRANIAN FC SYSTEM OF INNOVATION.

PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS IN THE LAB DESIGN ENHANCES THEIR LEARNING THROUGH DISCOVERY-BASED LEARNING METHOD. CONSIDERING THE BENEFITS OF DISCOVERY-BASED LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES ON STUDENT’S OUTCOMES, INCORPORATION OF SUCH ACTIVITIES IN LABORATORY PROGRAMS WOULD BE VERY HELPFUL. AN INQUIRY-BASED EXPERIMENT IS DESCRIBED IN WHICH AN INEXPENSIVE Fuel Cell IS CONSTRUCTED USING SALINE SOLUTION AS ELECTROLYTE AND PLATINUM WIRES AS THE ELECTRODES. THIS LABORATORY WORK IS DESIGNED TO EXPOSE STUDENTS TO Fuel Cell TECHNOLOGY, INCREASE THEIR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ELECTROCHEMICAL CellS AND AUGMENT THEIR INTEREST AND CONFIDENCE IN PURSUING THIS FIELD AND ENCOURAGE THEM TO PARTICIPATE THROUGHOUT THE LABORATORY TO ENSURE THAT THEIR LEARNING EXPERIENCE IS MAXIMIZED. THIS PLAN ALLOWS STUDENTS TO GAIN EXPERIENCES ON HOW ELECTRODE AND ELECTROLYTE MATERIAL SELECTION AFFECTS THE Fuel Cell PERFORMANCE. THE PROJECT ALLOWS STUDENTS TO GAIN BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY, FAMILIARITY WITH THE Fuel Cell TECHNOLOGY, AND VALUABLE HANDSON EXPERIENCES WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL CellS AND CIRCUITS.

ALL THE PEOPLE OVER THE WORLD RELY HEAVILY ON COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS FOR THEIR ENERGY. FOSSIL FuelS ARE NON-RENEWABLE, WHICH MEANS, THEY DRAW ON FINITE RESOURCES THAT WILL EVENTUALLY DWINDLE, BECOMING TOO EXPENSIVE OR TOO ENVIRONMENTALLY DAMAGING TO RETRIEVE. IN CONTRAST, THE MANY TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES ARE CONSTANTLY REPLENISHED AND WILL NEVER RUN OUT. AND ALSO THEY DON’T CAUSE DISEASES SUCH AS AIR POLLUTION AND WATER CONTAMINATION. Fuel Cell IS ONE OF THESE RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES WHICH HAVE THE BROAD RANGE OF APPLICATION IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF OUR LIFE. IN THIS STUDY, Fuel CellS USE IN STATIONARY POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS IS EVALUATED ECONOMICALLY WITH HOMER. ALSO, AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON BETWEEN Fuel Cell VEHICLES (CARS AND BUSES) AND CONVENTIONAL TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION IS CARRIED OUT.