In Islamic traditional textbooks modal operators sometimes come before propositions, sometimes before the predicates and sometimes at the end of propositions. This makes the interpretation of modality in each case as de re or de dicto difficult. Given Ibn SVnÏ's discussion of and sensitivity to this distinction, in this paper by examining the position of modality in the contradictories and converses of modal categorical propositions as well as their positions in modal syllogisms I will try to find a reasonable answer to this important issue.

Let E be an elliptic curve over the finite field Fq, P a point in E(Fq) of order n, and Q a point in the group generated by P. The discrete logarithm problem on E is to find the number k such that Q = kP. In this paper we reduce the discrete logarithm problem on E[n] to the discrete logarithm on the group F*q , the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of Fq, in the case where n ï q - 1, using generalized jacobian of E.

Traditional Grammarians have recognized three categories in Persian including infinitive, verbal noun and HAcsele Masdar (HM).There have been much debates on the nature of these categories especially concerning their inclusion in the category of verbs or nouns. In this paper these categories are studied within the framework of the typological prototype. According to Croft (2003) the semantic class of words alone cannot distinguish parts of speech cross-linguistically. Instead, another criterion named propositional act function is required. The semantic class includes objects, properties and actions. The propositional act functions are reference, predication and modification. It will be demonstrated that the category of infinitive and verbal noun are both a combination of action and reference. HM is not a subclass of infinitive at all, because it lacks the semantic feature of action. What has been called HM in traditional grammar is indeed the result of a derivational process with the aid of the suffix aÏi creating nouns from adjective and adjectves from nouns. The typological prototype approach provides a universal conceptual space for parts of speech that works cross-linguistically. However, the non- prototypical combinations of semantic class and propositional act functions often embrace more than one member in individual languages. In such cases we can distinguish different categories using formal and functional criteria.

This paper investigates spatial variability of temperature trends over Iran in the last 48 years. In order to evaluate the trends, time series of minimum, maximum, and mean temperature for all synoptic and climatologic stations throughout Iran from 1961 up to 2008 were collected. With the help of the prepared data base, the isothermal maps with spatial resolution of 15Ï15 Km were calculated and plotted by Kriging interpolation method. So that each map with 7196 pixels covered Iran’s borders. Therefore, 3 (three) arrays with dimension 7196*48 were provided.For evaluating the temperature trend, parametric methods of Linear Regression and Mann-Kendall test have been used. Using such tests on each of the arrays showed that Iran’s temperature is increasing. Such increase has happened more in flat and low height areas. Among these, minimum temperature is more important and in 60% of the country shows an increasing trend, while the increasing trend of maximum temperature covers only 27% of the country. On the other hand, the trend intensity is not the same in all the zones, and for minimum trend, its intensity in Kerman province at the west of Loot desert and in Shahdad area, central parts of Semnan province, east of Khuzestan, south of Ilam province and west of Kermanshah province is more and these areas are more endangered with environmental damages resulting from increasing minimum temperature, while the provinces of North Khorasan, Hamedan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiyari are endangered with increasing trend of temperature.

Natural hazard risk assessment helps decision makers for planning and prioritizing disaster management strategies. This paper focuses on the prediction of different scenarios and assessing the risk of soil liquefaction.The vulnerability of the elements due to soil liquefaction was determined. The Gorgan state (1600 km2) in Golestan Province of Iran was considered as a case study for assessing the vulnerability due to this phenomenon. Soil deposits map, ground water depth, and the earthquake acceleration map (based on the occurred historical earthquake points) have been prepared in this study. An empirical liquefaction model as a function of the three studied variables was used to model the liquefaction in four hazard classes using the ArcGIS software. Possible scenarios were determined considering the potential of superposing the peak rate of the ground acceleration and water depth. The area of liquefied zones was estimated using the geographical information systems (GIS). In this study, the collection of data and digital maps using ArcGIS software base as well as the three-parameter model SWM, soil liquefaction hazard zonation map to the area south of Gorgan in Golestan province in Slvlhay 30Ï30 were prepared. According to the results of without risk to very high-risk potential that the area most studied in class is without risk. Aq Qala city limits because of the proximity to the center -discharge is too high earthquake hazard class, and because Gorganrood the scope of this town passes increases the probability of liquefaction.

In this paper we study right n-Engel group elements. By modifying a group constructed by Newman and Nickel, we construct, for each integern n ³ 5, a 2-generator group G=áa, bñ with the property that b is a right n-Engel element but where [bk,n a] is of infinite order when k Ï {0, 1}.

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H. Let {Sn} and {Tn} be sequences of nonexpansive self-mappings of C, where one of them is a strongly nonexpansive sequence. K. Aoyama and Y. Kimura introduced the iteration process xn+1=bnxn+(1-bn) Sn (anu+(1-an) Tnxn) for finding the common fixed point of {Sn} and {Tn}, where uÎC is an arbitrarily (but fixed) element in C, x0ÎC arbitrarily, {an} and {bn} are sequences in [0; 1]. But in the case where uÏC, the iterative scheme above becomes invalid because xn may not belong to C. To overcome this weakness, a new iterative scheme based on the thought of boundary point method is proposed and the strong convergence theorem is proved. As a special case, we can find the minimum-norm common fixed point of {Sn} and {Tn} whether 0ÎC or 0ÏC.

The much-studied projectable hull of an l-group G£pG is an essential extension, so that, in the case thatG is archimedean with weak unit, “G ÎW”, we have for the Yosida representation spaces a “covering map” Y G ¬Y pG. We have earlier [8] shown that (1) this cover has a characteristic minimality property, and that (2) knowingY pG, one can write downpG. We now show directly that for A, the boolean algebra in the power set of the minimal prime spectrum Min (G), generated by the sets U(g) = {P Î Min (G): g  Ï P} (g ÎG), the Stone space SA is a cover of Y Gwith the minimal property of (1); this extends the result from [1] for the strong unit case. Then, applying (2) gives the pre-existing description ofpG, which includes the strong unit description of [1]. The present methods are largely topological, involving details of covering maps and Stone duality.

A 2-rainbow dominating function (2RDF) of a graph G is a function f from the vertex set V (G) to the set of all subsets of the set {1, 2} such that for any vertex vÎV (G) with f (v) = f the condition UuÎN (v) f (u) = {1, 2} is fulfilled, where N (v) is the open neighborhood of v. The weight of a 2RDF f is the value w (f) = SvÎV |f (v) |. The 2-rainbow domination number of a graph G, denoted by yr2 (G), is the minimum weight of a 2RDF of G. The annihilation number a (G) is the largest integer k such that the sum of the first k terms of the non-decreasing degree sequence of G is at most the number of edges in G. In this paper, we prove that for any tree T with at least two vertices, yr2 (T) £ a (T) +1.

We are concerned with the study of the following nonlocal diffusion problem, ut = J * u − u + f(u) in  W× (0, T), u = 0 in (RN-W ) × (0, T), u(x, 0) = u0(x)³ 0 in , W where W is a bounded domain in RN with smooth boundary ¶W, J*u(x, t) = ¦RN J(x - y)u(y, t)dy, J: RN ® R is a kernel which is nonnegative, symmetric (J(z) = J(-z)), bounded and = 1 and f : (-¥, b) ® (0, ¥) is a C1 convex, increasing function, lims a®b ¦ (s) = ¥, ¦b0 d/¦(a)< ¥ with b a positive constant. The initial datum u0Î = C1 o/(W) is nonnegative in W, with ‖u0‖¥ =supzÎW ïU0(x)ïnder some assumptions, we show that if ku0k1 is large enough, then the solution of the above problem quenches in a finite time, and its quenching time goes to that of the solution of the differential equation, a’ (t) = ¦ (a (t)), t > 0, a (0) = ‖u0‖¥, as ‖u0‖¥ tends to b. Finally, we give some numerical results to illustrate our analysis.