The origin and function of the Persian suffix "-tar" in words astar (Sanskrit: asvatara, Old-persian: *asatara, Pahlavi: astar) and kabutar (Sanskrit: kapota, Pahlavi: kapotar) have not been adequately explained. In this paper explanations are offered for both cases.The suffix -tar generally forms comparative adjectives; but often it is added to nouns also. In this case it sometimes puts emphasis on the main semantic feature of the noun, and sometimes denotes a contrast and otherness within a similar context, e.g., Latin matertera means aunt (=mother, but other than mother). Thus asvatara (astar) is a horse, but other than a horse. In this connection it is important to note that the persian word andar (antar in Avesta) denotes otherness in words like padandar and madandar - stepfather and stepmother - i.e., a father or a mother who is other than a real father or mother.The -tar ending of kabutar has remained a problem. It has to be noted that in this case there is no question of suffix "-tar". The word in Sanskrit and Old-persian is kapota, the -ta ending (perhaps originally a participial ending) being part of the word, just as it appears at the end of other words for colours, e.g., spaeta/sveta (white) zairita (yellow), rekta (red). The author’s suggestion is to see the problem from this angle. He argues that the word koputa originally meant grey or dark blue, and, later, received the noun and adjective making suffix "-ra" to form the noun kapotara (the grey one) in Iranian dialects.

Case Description: A pigeon with an abnormal mass on right wing was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.Treatment and Outcome: The mass was removed surgically and histopathologic examination was done. Microscopic findings revealed a stori-form pattern of atypical and pleomorphic spindle-shape tumor cells with histiocytes and too many thick wall capillaries. Some bizarre cells, giant cells and lymphocytes along with collagenous stroma were seen. According to characteristic histopathologic features malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) was diagnosed.Clinical Relevance: MFH originates from a primitive mesenchymal stem cell is most frequently seen in the dog. This is the first report of MFH in birds.

Various traditional and innovative forms of fracture fixation have been applied in birds orthopedic. The purpose of this study was to compare the applicability of the stainless steel intramedullary (IM) pin and IM pin made from ovine and canine bone. Ovine and canine long bones were used to prepare pins in appropriate size and dimension. The pins were packaged and sterilized. Forty domestic pigeons (with 390gr average body weight) were divided into 4 equal groups pigeons were anesthetized and humeral bone was cut by orthopedic saw. In first group the fracture bone was not treated. The stainless steel pins were inserted into the humeral medulla in the second group of pigeons, in the third and forth groups prepared pins from ovine and canine bone were in serted into the medulla. After 32 weeks the pigeons of the first group were not able to fly, in the second group pigeon had imbalance in flight, in the third and forth groups the pigeons were able to fly with no problem. Radiographically there was not a significant differences between 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups, but there was a significant difference between the first group and other groups (p<0.001). Non of the bone pins were rejected, all were absorbed in later stages in large quantities. It was concluded that bone pin made from canine and ovine bone were compatible with the stainless steel pins in providing rigid stability as well as having the advantage of gradual resorption and no interference with flying condition.

For studying thermal requirements of developmental stages of sunflower based on number of days and accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and relationship of these stages with vegetative growth and seed and oil yield, fourteen hybrids and one open pollinate sunflower genotypes were chosen and evaluated by using a randomized complete block design in four replications in 2005 at the kabotarabad Agricultural Research station of Isfahan. The Number of days and cumulative growing degree days (GDD) from planting to staring, blooming, flowering, 75 percent flowering, 100 percent flowering and physiological maturity were highly and significantly affected by genotypes. Genotypes clustering based on 14 developmental stage trait showed the sunflower genotypes grouping in early, mid and late maturity groups. Open pollinate cultivar was placed in mid ripening group. The correlation coefficients among vegetative and reproductive growth with number of days and growing degree days of developmental stages were generally positive and significant. According to the results, physiological maturity period and related cumulative growing degree days are the most effective period on seed yield. Oil percentage had not any significant correlation with developmental stages and accumulated growing degree days.