The reception and influence of Popper’s philosophy of science and his political philosophy in Latin AMERICA have depended heavily on the translation of his major works originally published in German and English. Thus, for example, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, which was originally published in 1959, was translated into Spanish in 1962 and into Portuguese only in 1974. Similarly, The Open Society and Its Enemies, originally published in 1945, was translated into Spanish twelve years later in 1957 and into Portuguese in 1974. But apart from a discussion of the impact of the translations of his books, I also want to show that the political situation in some Latin AMERICAn countries, for example, Chile, Cuba and Peru, has played a very important role in the introduction, reception and influence of Popper’s philosophy of science in general and his social and political thought in particular. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to examine the reception of Popper’s ideas in Latin AMERICA and give an account of his influence and legacy in some of the Latin AMERICAn countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.

The available scholarship does not agree on the exact date of Muslim arrival to AMERICA. Early Islam in AMERICA could have been a Pre-Columbian presence, while some scholars suggested a Columbian or even a post-Columbian contact. None of the three views discuss the idea of Muslim minorities among early Muslims to AMERICA. (West) Africa was the origin of many free and slave Africans who later made it to AMERICA. Given the influence of various Muslim dynasties (e.g. Fatimids and Idrisids in North, and later in other parts of Africa), some questions are raised: were there any religious minorities among early Muslims who came (or were brought) to AMERICA; when did early Muslims enter AMERICA? Contact theories were briefly reviewed to show early presence of Islam in AMERICA was multi-faceted. I traced the very first moments of Islam in AMERICA from among (West) African slaves. Interestingly, some slaves practiced Islam differently. It was suggested that since not much has been left from early Islam in AMERICA, in all probability early Muslims were slaves who did not have the power to establish their presence and practice their religion. Religious differences in early Islam in AMERICA seemed to be a matter of culture and choice, of which many Muslims might have been unaware. The paper concluded that the current literature on the history of (Shii) Muslim minorities in AMERICA focused on immigrants and did not cover periods of slavery. That might indicate why some scholars opined minorities like Shias came during the late nineteenth century.

Background: In late December 2019, a coronavirus outbreak first occurred in Wuhan, China, and then spread worldwide, which became a major global emergency. This severe respiratory illness called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is transmitted through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of COVID-19 in continental AMERICA. Methods: This study was an ecological study describing the epidemiological features of COVID-19 in the AMERICAs. The data of identified definitive cases and deaths from this disease and other information were extracted from the reports of theWorld Health Organization and transferred to SPSS software (version 24). Furthermore, the case fatality rate was separately calculated for each country. Results: The highest number of COVID-19 reported cases and the highest COVID-19 mortality rate were in the United States, with 72, 186, 963 and 1, 896, 955 cases, respectively. Moreover, the highest case fatality rate was reported as 9. 38% in Peru. Conclusions: The prevention of COVID-19 transmission in countries is possible with general vaccination and observation of social distancing. These measures reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and are effective ways to control this global health problem.

Power is one of the basic and fundamental elements in international politics therefore, the area of analysing power is one of the most important compasses for research in international relations which on the basis of reliance to diverse methodology discusses towards explaining the foreign behaviour of the governments. Based on the transformation in the political structure and behavior patterns of countries show that any change and displacement, resulting from a change in the approach, based on the power.Transformation in the concept of power which is referred to as "soft power", as a method of International Policy discussion and a tool for improving the country's foreign policy, is considered as a relatively young model that somehow founded on it's equivalent implications such as influence, power and even legitimacy. This power is the power of guidance, attraction and being role model. For this reason, is also intimately associated with shapeless powers such as culture and knowledge. On this basis, a country like the United States which is known as a Hegemon (Hazmon) in the international arena, is attempting with expansion and promotion of it's culture and knowledge as soft power components attain three goals, promote the level of legitimacy of political system at the international level, maintaining the international prestige and eventually manage and give direction to the public opinion in order to stabilize it's Hegemonic structure. The present article in a logical path first attempts to redefine power in classic narrative and introduce new interpretations of power, history as well as it's characteristics and then with taking the role of the United States soft power under consideration and with focusing on two elements of soft power (information technology and media and culture), studies the effects of this form of power in sustaining the hegemonic system.

Introduction: In the United States, nurse practitioners with master's and doctoral degrees diagnose and treat the health problems of various population groups in a manner similar to physicians due to physician shortages in rural areas. This study aims to review the various aspects of nurse prescribing in the United States as a model for policymaking and the development of this role in Iran. Methods: By scoping review (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005), in the Google Scholar search engine and the PUBMED database, with inclusion criteria such as English language articles and documents related to various aspects of nurse prescribing in USA were sought between 2010 and 2022. Also rules and regulations, guidelines and websites of the AMERICAn universities searched for the Google search engine. Qualitative Elo and Kyngäs (2008) was used to analyze the data. The Prisma-Scr checklist was used to report the results. Results: 16 articles, four websites, five guidelines, and four nursing associations were included. Six main emerged categories including the development of the advanced practice nurse role and barriers, competencies and characteristics, roles and activities, scope of practice, education, prescribing regulations along with 21 general categories. Conclusion: In the United States, a postgraduate advanced nurse with special nurse prescribing training, has a legal authorization to prescribe.  Increasing patient and nurse satisfaction, providing accessible and low-cost care, especially in low-income areas, is the consequences of these nurses' practice. Physician opposition to expanding the nurse prescribing role, the need for collaboration and physician supervision, and reimbursement policy regulations are challenges to their performance. Drawing on a review of nurse prescribing in leading countries, it is possible to derive a model to inform the policy development of nurse prescribing in Iran.