Background: Local ANESTHETICS are used to provide effective analgesia for many dental, surgical, and dermatologic procedures. Local ANESTHETICS constitute the most commonly used drug group in dentistry. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of skin tests with local ANESTHETICS and to investigate the factors associated with these results in patients in the Faculty of Dentistry who were referred to allergy specialists due to a history of allergy. We aimed to evaluate the results of the test with local ANESTHETICS in patients with a history of atopy. Methods: The results of prick and intradermal tests with local ANESTHETICS of patients inwhomsurgery could not be performed due to their or their relatives’ allergic disease and who were sent to allergy outpatient clinic for testing with the local ANESTHETICS that were planned for use in the Faculty of Dentistry between December 2017 and December 2018 were analyzed. Results: Eighty-two patients were tested with local ANESTHETICS. In 71 (86. 5%) of these patients, no allergy was detected as a result of prick test and subsequent intradermal test. In the study group, prick test was positive in 1 patient (intradermal test was also found positive in this patient), and the intradermal test was found positive with 1: 100 concentrations in 11 (13. 4%) patients. Conclusions: Test positivity with local ANESTHETICS was not significant in patients with history of drug allergy, and history of allergy with local ANESTHETICS. Intradermal test positivity was found to be statistically significant in asthma patients. Treatment should be initiated before dental intervention in atopic patients after having the necessary consultations, and treatment should be initiated with local anesthetic agents associated with fewer reactions in emergency situations in risky patients.

Background: We report a case with apparent resistance to local ANESTHETICS. While regional ANESTHETICS failure is often attributed to technical failure, the clinical presentation and medical history of this patient suggests a true resistance to local ANESTHETICS.Case report: A 28 years old man was scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery for right sided tibial bone fracture, and decision of spinal anesthesia was made. There was a questionable history of multiple prior episodes of local anesthetic unresponsiveness (Interscalan block, local infiltration for lipoma resection and dental surgery). Spinal anesthesia was performed and sensory or motor blockade was not obtained despite any evidence of technical problems. The surgical procedure performed under general anesthesia and skin analgesia (local infiltration of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.5% to forearm), did not achieve, the day after surgery.Conclusion: While the failure rate of spinal anesthesia has been shown range from 4 to 13% and is often attributed to technical failure, this particular case showed a true resistance to local ANESTHETICS.

Introduction: Loss of sensation in the part of the body is called local anesthesia. Local ANESTHETICS (LAs) can treat pain in specific areas of the body by blocking sodium channels. They have also been introduced in several studies as antimicrobial agents. In the present study, special attention has been paid to their role as antimicrobial agents and their effects in treatment. By means of several databases, related key words for antimicrobial agents were searched until the end of 2021. Initially, by restricting the search, unrelated and duplicate studies were eliminated, and after reviewing the appropriate abstracts and complete texts, , they were appended to the present study. This study is focusing on the antimicrobial application of LAs, their interfering with various agents in combination with them, the mechanism of action, and the structural dependence on the antimicrobial effects. The following results have been perceived: 1-Structure, concentration, duration of exposure, type of microorganism and temperature affect the antimicrobial activity. 2. Compounds such as opioids, antibiotics, etc. can be combined with them and affect the antimicrobial properties. 3-Lidocaine has been studied the most and has been effective in prevention and treatment. 4-Due to their antimicrobial activity, they can be used in the clinic to prevent infection at the surgical site.

Ischemic liver injury occurs in a variety of clinical settings such as trauma, shock, and liver surgery (1, 2). Ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury rapidly evolves to sinusoid endothelial cell damage, activation of Kupffer cells, inflammation, hepatocyte necrosis and finally liver dysfunction, especially in patients with preoperative liver injures (3). Liver failure is associated with a risk of poor outcome (4). ....

Context: According to the previous studies, general anesthesia infl uences the immune system. Evaluating such impacts on the immune system helps to improve the management of anesthesia. Evidence Acquisition: The current review aimed to summarize the literature related to the eff ects of general anesthesia agents on the cytokines. Google Scholar, PubMed, and ISI/Web of Sciences databases were searched using the following keywords: cytokine, general anesthesia, immune response, intravenous ANESTHETICS, volatile ANESTHETICS, opioids, benzodiazepines, and controlled ventilation. Results: Long-term administration of general anesthesia drugs, due to their eff ects on cytokines, can lead to disease progression in patients with immune defi ciency. Due to the confl icting results of various studies and the increasing number of patients with immune defi ciency, the choice of the appropriate general anesthesia agents facilitates achieving the more favorable function of the cytokines. Conclusions: It seems that the eff ect of general anesthesia on the immune system in healthy patients and short-term surgeries is not considerable and changes in the immune system are related to surgical trauma, particularly in major surgery.

Objective-The objective of the present study was to define electrocardiographic data following intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine with or without Ketamine in Chough. Design-To determine the heart effects of ANESTHETICS in intranasal administration, an experimental in vivo study was employed. Animals-Ten healthy Choughs were examined in the current study Procedures-After intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine with or without ketamine, electrocardiograms were recorded by a direct writing electrocardiograph. Then the heart rate, durations (seconds-s) and amplitude (millivolts-mv) of the P wave, QRS complex and T wave all measured in the bipolar II derivation Results-There was a normal sinus rhythm after application of all drugs or combinations. The range of the heart rate of the birds was from 93 to321 beats/min. The P wave was always positive in all recorded leads after administration. During anesthesia or sedation with all drugs, the T wave was positive in leads I, II, III and aVF and negative in leads aVR, and aVL. The amplitude and duration of P, QRS and T waves were changed after intranasal administration of all drugs or combinations. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance-Based on the electrocardiographic findings it seems that the xylazine is not a suitable drug to induce sedation and anesthesia of choughs via intranasal administration. Therefore, xylazine must be used for birds when its antagonists are accessible.