Since the earliest 20th. century (the first use of artificial feeding technique) various apparatuses was made .This technique was used for arthropod rearing and also parasitological studies e.g. inoculation of parasites and study of their life cycle ,survey of various drugs on parasites etc. A new portable apparatus has designed with simple construction at the insectry of Public Health School of Tehran University of Medical Science. This apparatus was enabled to run a wide range of voltage such as automobile electricity in field. Attraction of ANOPHELES stephensi Tehran insectry strain to this apparatus with four kind of blood was evaluate the technique’s efficiency in comparison to natural blood feeding of Guinea pig which is an usual method. It was revealed that the greatest attraction for defibrinated sheep blood was (13±3) that has no significant difference (Pvalue<0.05) with natural blood feeding (13±0.57) and the least a traction was with citrated sheep blood (9/33±0/33). This apparatus with defibrinated sheep blood may be considered as an alternative of natural blood feeding.

Background: Orang Primary Health Centre (OPHC) and Balipara Primary Health Centre (BPHC) of Assam (India) report mosquito borne diseases annually. Current study was performed to ascertain the prevalence of known malaria and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vectors and their possible role in disease transmission. Methods: Malaria epidemiological data for 2006– 2010 and JE data for 2008– 2013 of Assam, India were obtained from the health authority. Mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and identified morpho-taxonomically. Results: Plasmodium falciparum cases (81. 5%, 95% CI= 72. 0– 91. 1) were statistically higher in OPHC (P< 0. 0001, t= 8. 0) during the recent years. There was 4. 4 folds rise in the confirmed acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) and 3. 2 folds increase in the confirmed JE cases during 2013 as compared to 2008. Altogether 9, 218 mosquito specimens (PTND= 153. 6), comprising of 44. 1% anophelines (PTND= 67. 7), 42. 3% culicines (PTND= 65. 0) and 9. 5% mansonia (PTND= 14. 6) were recorded. In BPHC, ANOPHELES vagus was recorded in high density (P< 0. 0001), whereas Culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant JE vector (P= 0. 04). In OPHC, among the known malaria vectors, the density of ANOPHELES annularis was significantly high (P< 0. 0001). However Culex bitaeniorhynchus was the predominant known JE vector (P< 0. 0001) followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus. Conclusion: Even in the absence of known efficient vectors, many ANOPHELES species are still involved in malaria transmission. There was disappearance of ANOPHELES minimus and ANOPHELES dirus and establishment of An. annularis, An. vagus and An. philippinensis/nivipes mosquitoes in study area.

Background: Malaria resurgence has occurred in the northern half parts of Iran. The resurgence of malaria in the prone area could arise from various factors, e. g. wide use of pesticides in the agriculture sector and factors such as habitual patterns of movement of local people from problematic southeastern foci in Iran toward the Caspian Littoral. There are no new data on the resistance status of main malaria vectors in the Caspian Littoral, and this study was aimed at renewal data on conventional insecticides. Methods: The field strain of adult ANOPHELES superpictus and ANOPHELES maculipennis were collected using the hand catch method and transferred to the laboratory. The susceptibility tests were carried out against DDT 4%, Malathion 5%, Permethrin 0. 75%, Deltamethrin 0. 05%, and Lambda-cyhalothrin 0. 05%, followed by the WHO’ s procedure. Results: The primary malaria vector in Caspian Littoral is An. maculipennis, revealed to be still resistant to DDT and mortality rate, LT50 and LT90 of female mosquitoes were 75. 0%, 54. 2, minutes and 111. 3 minutes. The under ’ verifica-tion required’ status of An. maculipennis was also revealed to Lambda-cyhalothrin based on recent WHO’ s criteria. The malaria vector An. superpictus is also considered the second malaria vectors in the west parts of the studied area, which showed to be susceptible to all insecticides tested. Conclusion: DDT resistance is persisted in An. maculipennis despite stopping residual spraying with DDT since 1978 in the Caspian Littoral, but the occurrence of pyrethroid under ’ verification required’ status is a progressive threat to the possible development of cross-resistance in the future.