In this paper, a new scheme named "modified coherent DiLL" is proposed for tracking DIRECTION of arrival of signals in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems. This scheme has a similar concept to the delay lock loop that is used for time synchronizing in CDMA systems. The proposed scheme is able to track the DOA of the arriving signals iteratively. The properties of the proposed scheme such as computational and mean square error are compared to the coherent and noncoherent DiLL. The new scheme consists of 2NK+O(K) computations, where Nand K are the number of antenna sensors and signal sources, respectively. The computation is two-folds and approximately the same Mean Square error as coherent DiLL scheme, while it does not require estimating. Data and phase of the received carrier signal. In addition, the computation of this method is approximately equal, and mean square error is half of the noncoherent DiLL.

In this paper, our focus of attention is the proper propagation of fuzzy degrees in determinization of Nondeterministic Fuzzy Finite Tree Automata (NFFTA). Initially, two determinization methods are introduced which have some limitations (one in behavior preserving and other in type of fuzzy operations). In order to eliminate these limitations and increasing the efficiency of FFTA, we define the notion of fuzzy complex state and Complex FFTA (CFFTA). Also, we define Ñ-normalization operation in algebra of fuzzy complex state to solve the multi membership state problem in fuzzy automata. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between FFTA and CFFTA. Finally, determinization of CFFTA is presented.

With up to 400 million affected people worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health care problem. During the last decade, several novel therapeutic approaches have been developed and evaluated. In most regions of the world, interferon-a (IFN-a), and nucleos(t)ide analogues are currently approved. Despite major improvements, none of the existing therapies is optimal since viral clearance is rarely achieved. HBV establishes a stable nuclear covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Interferon-a treatment can clear HBV but is limited by systemic side effects. Up-regulation of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B enzymes by use of IFN-a or lymphotoxin-b (LT bR) was found to result in cytidine deamination, apurinic/apyrimidinic site formation, and finally cccDNA degradation that prevented HBV reactivation, while genomic DNA was found to remain intact. As such, development of new therapeutics in combination with existing antivirals, may cure hepatitis B. With respect to the selectivity observation on the activation of LTbR, however, more studies are necessary on the potential utility of LTbR agonists for clearance of cccDNA in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). HBV is a DNA virus that can integrate DNA into host genome thereby increases the yield of trans-activator protein HBxAg that may deregulate many pathways involving in metabolism of cells causing Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) development. This review aimed at therapeutic DIRECTION and issues regarding HBV infection.