Introduction & Objective: Breast asymmetry and chest wall asymmetry are common but there is no comprehensive classification and relative distribution in the research literature. This asymmetry can be caused by various issues such as diseases, abnormalities and complications of surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the chest wall asymmetry and its effects on breast asymmetry. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, which was performed retrospectively, the records of patients applying for mammoplasty from 2013 to 2020 were reviewed. Preoperative frontal imaging is performed on these patients. The frontal photograph of the breast and chest was examined before the operation. Distance between right nipple to midline of chest, distance between left nipple to midline of chest, length of right midclavicular distance to right nipple and length of left midclavicular distance to left nipple, right chest width, chest width Left breast, sternal notch distance to right nipple and sternal notch to left nipple distance were calculated by software and analyzed using chi-square test. Results: Based on the results obtained in measuring chest wall width and nipple to midline distance, 256 cases (56. 4%) and 283 cases (62. 3%) of the left breasts were larger, respectively. In nipple to ant axillary line measurements, the frequency of people with a larger right was higher. In the chest wall width variable, only in the prosthesis group, there was a statistically significant difference between left and right size (P-value <0. 05). There was a statistically significant difference between left and right size in nipple to midline distance and nipple to ant axillary line variables (P-value <0. 05),But in SNN variable, there was no statistically significant difference between left and right size in any of the groups (P-value >0. 05). Conclusions: Based on the results, the breast and chest wall asymmetry is common. Therefore, patients should be reminded that due to the difference in the width of the chest and breast on both sides and their asymmetry, this asymmetry will also exist after breast cosmetic surgery. This influences decisionmaking and planning to reduce this asymmetry using surgical and non-surgical methods.

The present study was designed to study the patterns of hemispheric activation induced by affective stimuli (clip videos) in alpha range (8-13 HZ). A sample of 40 right handed female undergraduate students were randomly selected and EEG was recorded for five 3 minute intervals in baseline condition and in affective states (relax, happy, anxiety and sad). Results were revealed a right frontal activation in anxiety state, a right parietal activation in anxiety and happy states and a left parietal activation in all inactive states (Baseline, relaxed and sadness). Overall, these results were partly consistent with approach-with drewal model and supported the role of relative right frontal activity in anxiety state. These findings were also supported the idea of right posterior activation in active affective states (anxiety and happy).

Dipole asymmetry is among the most important anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). A dipole, if primordial, would challenge the isotropy of the Universe. In this work, we propose a novel method to find the direction of the dipole and its amplitude and assess its significance. The method is based on the comparison of annular variances on the sphere. We find the direction on the sphere around which the difference of the annular variances on the two hemispheres is maximized. By applying this algorithm on symmetric CMB simulations we get the distribution of the measured dipole amplitude for these null cases, providing us with the baseline for quantifying the significance of dipole amplitude of any other CMB maps. In particular, we find the statistical significance of the observed Planck dipole to be 1. 6σ . Our simulations show that although the proposed method is not more powerful in detecting the dipole compared to other algorithms, its relatively low computational cost (performed in the pixel-space) is its advantage. This paves the way for a straightforward upgrade of the method which uses spherical caps instead of rings and thus, by increasing the number of pixels used in calculating the variance, improves the results significantly.

The primary objective of this research is to measure the information asymmetry before, during, and after earnings announcements and how it relates to the drift in post-earnings announcements over an extended period. The study uses the bid-ask spread as an information asymmetry proxy and employs a market model to assess daily data on Indonesia’s equity market before, during, and after the earnings announcement. Data were analyzed using the t test and least squares regression. The study provides empirical evidence showing that the bid-ask spread increases significantly before the earnings announcement, indicating information uncertainties between sellers and buyers. The findings show that the market reacts to accounting information indicated by a significantly reduced bid-ask spread soon after the market digests the information, following the concept of semi-strong market efficiency. The study shows a cumulative abnormal return and bid-ask spread strongly correlated a few days following earnings. However, the analysis found no long-term association between bid-ask spread and post-earnings announcement drift. The study found that stock market sellers and buyers use accounting data to set prices and that earnings releases reduce the bid-ask difference. The study suggests that the market regulator supports timely disclosure of this information.

This study investigates the rate of changing labor costs in response to changes in activities. Managers decision leading changes in cost when activities were changed. Managers incentives affected asymmetry of cost behavior. As labors are the essential part of firms for creating value added, each action for adjusting the cost of labor should have been considered. So we test asymmetry of labor cost by using a panel data of 880 firm- years during 2003 to 2012 for the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The results shows that labor costs increase more rapidly with an activity increase than they decrease with an activity decrease. Moreover, we find the form of more symmetric labor cost behavior for firms that report a small profit. The findings are consistent with this prediction.